Multiculturalism in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru

Race & Class ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Arocena
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Racial Democracy ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Latin American Countries

The different strategies of resistance deployed by discriminated ethnic groups in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia are analysed here. In Brazil, Afro movements and indigenous populations are increasingly fighting against discrimination and developing their cultural identities, while demystifying the idea of Brazil's national identity as a racial democracy. In Peru and Bolivia, indigenous populations are challenging the generally accepted idea of integration through miscegenation (racial mixing). Assimilation through race-mixing has been the apparent solution in most Latin American countries since the building of the nation states. Its positive side is that a peaceful interethnic relationship has been constructed but its negative side, stressed in recent multicultural strategies, is that different ethnicities and cultures have been accepted only as parts of this intermingling and rarely recognised as the targets of discrimination.

“The museum, cross-dressed as a museum”

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-249
Author(s):  
Michael J. Horswell
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Discursive Strategies ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
Latin American Countries

This article explicates the discursive strategies deployed by the curator of the Museo travesti de Perú (2008), philosopher, activist, and artist Giuseppe Campuzano (1969–2013), to explore theoretical intersections of national identity and globalization(s) and to appreciate a testimonial, Neo-Baroque, peripheral aesthetic that challenges and “decolonizes” the cultural history of peripheral genders and sexualities in Latin American countries like Peru. Through an analysis of the museum’s visual codes in its works of art and a discursive interpretation of the narratives framing those pieces, this essay demonstrates how the Museo travesti is an exaltation of difference and a critical agent for a citizenship of inclusion — a testimonial agent that activates and circulates works of art in order to not only promote knowledge of reality, but to transform that reality through effects of decolonization from the national periphery.

Institutionalizing Ideology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Pilar Clealand
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Racial Ideology ◽  
Racial Democracy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Government ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The Revolution

Chapter 4 demonstrates how the unification of racial democracy and socialism creates a racial ideology in Cuba that is distinct from other Latin American countries. By supporting racial democracy at the start of the revolution and officially declaring the end of racism, the government ensured that the influence of racial democracy in Cuba is particularly strong. The initial advances that the revolution was able to make provided a formidable claim by the government that race was no longer relevant. The economic crisis that followed the fall of the Soviet Union marked the first serious challenge to racial ideology in Cuba. The chapter examines the change in rhetoric among the leadership and how ideological discourse was adjusted during this time, and outlines the various theoretical components of racial ideology. Interviews are included to show how support for the revolution is tied to racial attitudes and belief in Cuban racial democracy.

scholarly journals Las empresas latinoamericanas del sector del petróleo y gas ante la información sobre sostenibilidad. Latin American oil and gas corporations and the sustainability information.

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Arturo Haro de Rosario ◽  
Laura Saraite ◽  
Carmen Caba Pérez ◽  
María del Mar Gálvez Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
The Social ◽  
Oil And Gas Companies ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector ◽  
Latin American Countries

<p><strong>Resumen:</strong></p><p>El sector del petróleo y gas es un sector económico estratégico con repercusiones a escala global. Sin embargo, una de las principales limitaciones de esta industria radica en las características de las regiones en las que opera, ya que a menudo se trata de zonas geográficas de elevada importancia bioclimática, zonas con poblaciones indígenas o sectores rurales sumidos en la pobreza. Esto ha generado que los stakeholders presten cada vez más atención a las implicaciones sociales, naturales y económicas de las actividades del sector del petróleo y gas.</p><p>Así las cosas, teniendo en cuenta que los países latinoamericanos cuentan con las mayores reservas convencionales mundiales de petróleo, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo cuantificar la información voluntaria sobre sostenibilidad que divulgan las empresas petroleras y gasíferas que operan en Latinoamérica.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p><p> The oil and gas sector is a strategic area of the economy with global repercussions.</p><p>This industry faces a major handicap, namely the characteristics of the regions in which it operates, which are often geographic areas of great bioclimatic importance, or inhabited by indigenous populations, or comprised of very low income rural sectors.</p><p>In response, stakeholders are paying ever greater attention to the social, natural and economic consequences of oil and gas sector activities.</p><p>Taking into consideration that Latin American countries possess the largest conventional oil reserves in the world, this paper aims to quantify the sustainability information disclosed voluntarily by oil and gas companies operating in Latin America.</p>

scholarly journals The Characteristics of Culture and Religions in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Processes of Acculturation, Transformation and Accumulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-51
Author(s):  
Truong Van Chung
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
World Religions ◽  
New Religions ◽  
The City ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Selection Of

Ho Chi Minh City is a city which has received and accumulated many cultures and religions from around the world, from Oriental culture to Western civilization, from West Asian and East Asian cultures to South Asian and Southeast Asian cultures. The cultures of some African and Latin American countries have also arrived recently. Most world religions, regional religions, national religions and even new religions are present in the city. The characteristic of religions and cultural identities of Ho Chi Minh City is in the process of transformation, receipt and selection of the cultural and religion elements of those cultures. Based on the research results of a scientific research on the topic, “Cultural and religion life in Ho Chi Minh City in the era of international integration”, we would like to share some opinions about the characteristics of culture and religions in the process of cultural exchange, acculturation and accumulation of Ho Chi Minh City from traditional to modern stage.

The Interface of Nation-State Building and Transnationalism

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-74
Author(s):  
Luis Roniger
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
State Building ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
Transnational Social Movements ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Latin American Countries

This chapter discusses how separate nation-states crystallized, turning Latin America into a multistate region subject to persistent transnational trends. The story of Latin America as a multistate region is one of contested territorial boundaries and a tension-ridden consolidation of separate collective identities out of a tapestry of transnational interaction. The chapter traces how states were constructed and narrated national formation; how transnational visions continued to reverberate; how transnational events such as wars were framed as national; and how transnational social movements promoted interstate connections, sometimes trying to recreate the lost unity of earlier times and the transnational visions of some of the founding fathers of independence. The textual discussion addresses cases of the Southern Andean and Río de la Plata expanses, namely Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, and Brazil, as well as Central America, including primarily El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. The chapter also embeds references to the Latin American countries.

Language Contact in Paraguayan Guaraniˊ

2020 ◽  
pp. 693-712
Author(s):  
Jorge Gómez Rendón
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Discursive Strategy ◽  
Paraguayan Guaraní ◽  
Official Status ◽  
Latin American Countries

Paraguayan Guarani (PG) is a Tupian language spoken as an official language along with Spanish in Paraguay and with non-official status in Brazil and Argentina. While Paraguay shows unusual percentages of societal bilingualism compared to other Latin American countries, PG is in a diglossic relation to Spanish, with the latter language being the prestigious one in every case. PG differs from contemporary indigenous Guarani varieties and historical Jesuitical Guarani regarding the presence of Spanish in its lexicon and grammar. The century-long contact with Spanish influenced Guarani at phonological, morphosyntactic and lexical levels. PG should not be viewed as a monolithic mixed language, not only because it is comprised of a series of mixed lects that may or may not evolve in the direction of a bilingual mixed language, but also because the level and type of mixing of PG mixed lects are not characteristic of bilingual mixed languages to the extent that they do not show the genealogical lexicon-grammar split. Historically, PG has become a discursive strategy for the creation and negotiation of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural identities in Paraguay.

The Latino Continuum and the Nineteenth-Century Americas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen E. Lamas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
English Language ◽  
Jose Marti ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
American Nation

This book argues that the process of recovering Latina/o figures and writings in the nineteenth century does not merely create a bridge between the US and Latin American countries, peoples, and literatures, as they are currently understood, but reveals their fundamentally interdependent natures, politically, socially, historically, and aesthetically, thereby recognizing the degree of mutual imbrication of their peoples and literatures of the period. Largely archived in Spanish, it addresses concerns palpably felt within (and integral to) the US and beyond. English-language works also find a place on this continuum and have real implications for the political and cultural life of hispanophone and anglophone communities in the US. Moreover, the central role of Latina/o translations signals the global and the local nature of the continuum. For the Latino Continuum embeds layered and complex political and literary contexts and overlooked histories, situated as it is at the crossroads of both hemispheric and transatlantic currents of exchange often effaced by the logic of borders—national, cultural, religious, linguistic, and temporal. To recover this continuum of Latinidad, which is neither confined to the US or Latin American nation states nor located primarily within them, is to recover forgotten histories of the hemisphere, and to find new ways of seeing the past as we have understood it. The figures of Félix Varela, Miguel Teurbe Tolón, Eusebio Guiteras, José Martí, and Martín Morúa Delgado serve as points of departures for this reconceptualization of the intersection between American, Latin American, Cuban, and Latinx studies.

scholarly journals Race and Marriage in the Labor Market: A Discrimination Correspondence Study in a Developing Country

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 376-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva O. Arceo-Gomez ◽  
Raymundo M. Campos-Vazquez
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Racial Biases ◽  
Job Advertisements ◽  
Correspondence Study ◽  
Latin American Countries

In Mexico, as in most Latin American countries with indigenous populations, it is commonly believed that European phenotypes are preferred to mestizo or indigenous phenotypes. However, it is hard to test for such racial biases in the labor market using official statistics since race can only be inferred from native language. The experiment consisted on sending fictitious curriculums responding to job advertisements with randomized information of the applicants. The resumes included photographs representing three distinct phenotypes: Caucasian, mestizo, and indigenous. We find that indigenous looking females are discriminated against, but the effect is not present for males.

Contested ethnicities and ancient homelands in northeast Chinese archaeology: the case of Koguryo and Puyo archaeology

Antiquity ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (281) ◽  
pp. 613-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangjin Pak
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Chinese Archaeology ◽  
Archaeological Knowledge ◽  
National Solidarity

In many countries of east Asia, archaeological knowledge is frequently used in the construction of ethnic histories, and the discipline of archaeology is often employed to emphasize ethnic and cultural identities (Fawcett 1995; Nelson 1995). It is thus important for archaeological research in this region to understand how archaeological knowledge is used in each country to establish national identity, to promote national solidarity, to delineate various ethnic groups and to proclaim ancestral territories, cultural antiquity and unbroken cultural and ethnic continuity.

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