Positive Caregiving Styles Attenuating Effects of Cumulative Trauma Among Youth Who Commit Sexual Crimes

2020 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2095239
Author(s):  
Jamie Yoder ◽  
Adam Brown ◽  
Melissa Grady ◽  
Rebecca Dillard ◽  
Natalie Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Cumulative Trauma ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Sexual Crimes ◽  
Trauma Symptom ◽  
Maternal Caregiving ◽  
Positive Caregiving ◽  
Trauma Symptomatology

Among youth who commit sexual crimes, childhood trauma experiences have been linked to a host of outcomes including trauma symptom expression. Furthermore, research has begun assessing differential rates of cumulative adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) between youth who commit sexual and non-sexual crimes. Yet, few studies have comparatively examined rates of cumulative traumatic events using more robust measures of adversity. There is scant research on outcomes associated cumulative trauma among youth who commit sexual crimes including linkages to trauma symptoms and how positive parenting styles (PCSs) can attenuate in this relationship. This study aims to compare cumulative trauma experiences between youth who commit sexual ( n = 112) and non-sexual crimes ( n = 224). Among youth who commit sexual crimes, we test how PCSs mitigate or moderate the effects of cumulative trauma on trauma symptoms. Results from independent samples t-tests revealed significant group differences on singular and cumulative traumatic experiences, and trauma symptomatology, where youth who commit sexual crimes had higher rates of all. Stepwise linear regressions revealed mitigating effects of maternal PCSs and tests of moderation revealed main and interaction effects, where intermediate positive maternal caregiving styles for youth with higher cumulative trauma were associated with greater trauma symptomatology. Implications and limitations are discussed.

scholarly journals The language of wounds and scars in Edwige Danticat's "The Dew Breaker" : a case in trauma symptoms and the recovery process

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aitor Ibarrola-Armendáriz
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
American Writer ◽  
The Past ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Haitian American ◽  
To Come

This article examines the representation of a violent and traumatizing past in Edwidge Danticat’s The Dew Breaker (2004), a collection of short stories that depicts the effects of a torturer’s atrocious crimes on the lives of his victims and their descendants. The contribution argues that this work of fiction by the Haitian-American writer is structured upon the principle that traumatic experiences can only become intelligible – and, therefore, “representable” – by considering the severe psychical wounds and scars they leave on the victims. These scars habitually take the form of paranoia, nightmares, ghostly presences, schizophrenia, and “dead spots” that have a very difficult time finding their place in the protagonists’ consciousness and language. In spite of the fragmented and discontinuous character of these representations, the writer manages to unveil the kind of psychological and social dysfunctions that often surface when people have not fully accepted or assimilated aspects of the past that keep itching in their unconscious. However, despite the prevailingly bleak tone of the stories, Danticat still leaves some room for hope and recovery, as many of the victims find ways to come to terms with and overcome those individual and collective dysfunctions.

Victimization and Adversity in Child Welfare Involved Youth: The Cumulative Influence on Child and Caregiver Reported Behavioral Health Symptoms

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051988852
Author(s):  
Brianna M. Lombardi ◽  
Sarah E. Bledsoe ◽  
Candace Killian-Farrell ◽  
Paul Lanier ◽  
Asheley Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
Behavioral Health ◽  
Child Behavior Checklist ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Health Symptoms ◽  
Trauma Symptom ◽  
Nationally Representative

Exposure to childhood victimization and adversity (CVA) is pervasive for child welfare (CW) involved youth. However, most research with CW samples has focused on types of maltreatment and fails to recognize the additive influence of exposure to CVA beyond maltreatment. A subsample aged 8 to 17 ( n = 1,887) was drawn from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) II. CVA included six domains. Behavioral health was assessed using the Child Depression Inventory, Trauma Symptom Checklist, and the internalizing and externalizing subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist. Logistic regression was used to explore the association between the number of CVA reported and the risk of clinical-range behavioral health symptoms. Analyses were adjusted for the cluster-based sampling design and sampling weights were applied to provide nationally representative estimates. More than 60% of the sample experienced three or more CVA domains. The number of CVAs reported was associated with all four behavioral health outcomes ( p < .001). Children exposed to five or more domains were more likely to report high depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 5.0), high trauma symptoms (OR = 7.0), and to have internalizing or externalizing symptoms reported by caregivers (OR = 18.0), as compared with children reporting one or less CVAs. Youth involved with CW are exposed to staggeringly high rates of CVA beyond maltreatment. For children who are already at great risk for behavioral health challenges, research to understand screening and interventions for CVA is needed to inform policy and practice initiatives to prevent and mitigate harm.

Female Domestic Violence Offenders: Their Attachment Security, Trauma Symptoms, and Personality Organization

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 532-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Goldenson ◽  
Robert Geffner ◽  
Sharon L. Foster ◽  
Clark R. Clipson
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Attachment Security ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Trauma Symptom Inventory ◽  
Personality Organization ◽  
Trauma Symptom ◽  
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory ◽  
Personality Psychopathology

Unlike male domestic violence offenders, female domestic violence offenders have traditionally been overlooked in research and theory, despite the fact that females also have high rates of domestic violence perpetration. Towards the aim of extending extant research on male and female pepetrators of domestic violence, we examined attachment style, trauma symptoms, and personality organization in 33 female offenders receiving mandated treatment for domestic violence. These offenders were compared to 32 nonoffending women receiving psychological treatment. The Experiences in Close Relationships Revised (ECR-Revised) was used to examine adult attachment, the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) was used to examine trauma symptomology, and finally, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III (MCMI-III) was used to examine cluster B personality traits. Analyses indicated that female domestic violence offenders reported less attachment security, more trauma-related symptoms, and more personality psychopathology (Antisocial, Borderline, and Dependent Subscales) than did nonoffender clinical comparison women.

Perceptual Memory Representations and Memory Fragmentation as Predictors of Post-Trauma Symptoms

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Buck ◽  
Merel Kindt ◽  
Marcel van den Hout ◽  
Lou Steens ◽  
Cintha Linders
Keyword(s):  
Data Driven ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Trauma Narrative ◽  
Perceptual Memory ◽  
Icu Discharge ◽  
Conceptual Memory ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Trauma Symptomatology

Ehlers and Clark (2000) hypothesize that persistent PTSD is explained by a predominance of data-driven processing and a lack of conceptually-driven processing of the trauma. Data-driven/conceptually-driven processing is thought to relate to perceptual memory representations and memory fragmentation. The present study measured the result of data-driven/conceptually-driven processing in three ways: on utterance level by assessing 1) the ratio between perceptual and conceptual memory representations and 2) utterance disorganization, and 3) on narrative level by assessing the incoherence of the trauma narrative. Twenty-nine patients discharged from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) were assessed within two weeks after ICU discharge and at 4 months follow-up. The present study tested whether perceptual memory representations, narrative disorganization and narrative incoherence immediately after ICU discharge are related to post-trauma symptomatology. If so, whether these variables are specific for PTSD as compared to depression. Data-driven/conceptually-driven processing was related to PTSD and Depression symptoms on utterance level. Although narrative incoherence did not predict PTSD symptoms, it was predictive of depression symptoms. The present study showed the viability of the data-driven/conceptually-driven conceptualization in explaining post-trauma symptomatology.

Victimization Experiences and Executive Dysfunction as Discriminating Risk Indicators for Youth Offender Typologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-82
Author(s):  
Jamie Yoder ◽  
Madison Precht
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Executive Functioning Deficits

Research is becoming increasingly nuanced in its examination of offenders, and thus typological distinctions according to generalist and/or specialization offense profiles may be notable for targeted intervention efforts within and between classifications of offenders. There is a significant body of evidence identifying early-life victimization and executive function deficits as critical developmental antecedents to sexual and non-sexual offending alike, but they have not been exhaustively evaluated as a discernable experience among criminally versatile offenders (youth who commit both sexual and non-sexual crimes). This study aims to address gaps by examining associations between early-life victimization, other traumatic experiences in the home, and executive functioning deficits and then test how disparate offending groups differentially experience these early risks. Using a sample of juvenile-justice-involved youth ( N = 200), who committed sexual only offenses ( n = 41), non-sexual only offenses ( n = 124), and criminally versatile offenders ( n = 27), multivariate analysis of variance tests and bivariate correlations were conducted. Results revealed that there were statistically significant correlations between measures of executive functioning and specific incidents of victimization, particularly sexual, physical, and emotional. There were also significant group differences in measures of sexual abuse, physical and emotional abuse, and executive functioning with criminally versatile offenders showing higher rates of physical and emotional abuse and sexual only offenders showing higher rates of sexual abuse and some executive functioning deficits. Practice and research implications are discussed.

Trauma symptoms contribute to daily experiential avoidance: Does partner support mitigate risk?

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 322-341
Author(s):  
Molly R. Franz ◽  
Rebecca L. Brock ◽  
David DiLillo
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Avoidance ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Partner Support ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Trauma Symptom ◽  
Latent Trajectory ◽  
Latent Trajectory Modeling ◽  
The Impact

Objective: The present study examined the protective role of partner support in reducing daily experiential avoidance (EA) associated with trauma symptoms in a sample of 154 couples during pregnancy. Background: Although psychological distress during pregnancy may hinder the developing bond between parents and infants after birth, high quality intimate partner support has the potential to enhance psychological wellbeing during pregnancy, particularly in the context of trauma. Specifically, partner support might mitigate the impact of trauma symptoms on maladaptive coping strategies such as EA by enabling individuals to safely encounter their distress. Method: Participants completed a semi-structured clinical interview of support and a PTSD symptom inventory, followed by home surveys of EA over 14 days. We examined growth trajectories of EA over 14 days using latent trajectory modeling within a dyadic framework. Results: Trauma symptom severity was associated with higher levels of EA across the 2 weeks; however, among women, the impact of trauma symptoms on EA was no longer significant when support from a partner was above average quality or higher. Findings also revealed partner effects; to the extent that women reported higher levels of trauma symptoms, their partners had higher levels of EA. Conclusion: Findings highlight the protective role of high quality support from intimate partners and suggest that trauma-related interventions targeting partner support processes, especially those implemented during pregnancy, might enhance recovery and prevent further distress and dysfunction among pregnant women experiencing trauma symptoms.

Effects of Childhood Polyvictimization on Victimization in Juvenile Correctional Facilities: The Mediating Role of Trauma Symptomatology

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie R. Yoder ◽  
Ashleigh I. Hodge ◽  
Donna Ruch ◽  
Rebecca Dillard
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Incarcerated Youth ◽  
Correctional Facilities ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Residential Placement ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Juvenile Correctional Facilities ◽  
Trauma Symptomatology

Polyvictimization refers to multiple forms of victimization experienced by youths. The extent to which aggregated or cumulative early life victimization increases risk of victimization within juvenile correctional facilities is unclear. Furthermore, pathways from early polyvictimization to facility victimization may be partly explained by trauma symptomatology. Drawing upon the extant polyvictimization literature, this study explores both composite and cumulative effects of childhood victimization on later victimization within correctional facilities and the mediating role of trauma symptomatology among a nationally representative sample of incarcerated youth. Data were drawn from the Survey of Youth in Residential Placement. Incarcerated youths ( N = 7,073) were surveyed on constructs including early victimization, trauma symptomatology, and experiences of victimization within correctional facilities. Using appropriate weights in analyses, structural equation models revealed the relationship between amassed early polyvictimization and composite facility victimization was partially explained by trauma symptoms; facility victimization also linked to trauma symptoms. Additional models revealed that as youths report more victimization experiences, there was a successive increased likelihood for trauma symptoms, facility robbery, and facility physical victimization. The relationships between cumulative early victimization and facility robbery, physical, and sexual victimization were partially or fully mediated by trauma symptoms. Research and practice implications are discussed.

Secure Attachment Moderates the Relation of Sexual Trauma With Trauma Symptoms Among Adolescents From an Inpatient Psychiatric Facility

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1565-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Jardin ◽  
Amanda Venta ◽  
Elizabeth Newlin ◽  
Segundo Ibarra ◽  
Carla Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Trauma ◽  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Insecure Attachment ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Secure Attachment ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Facility ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Inpatient Psychiatric Facility

Experiencing sexual trauma has been linked to internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies. Insecure attachment has been shown to moderate the relation between sexual trauma and trauma symptoms among adults. However, few studies have explored relations among sexual trauma, attachment insecurity, and trauma symptoms in adolescence, and none have used developmentally appropriate measures. The present study sought to examine attachment security as a potential moderator of the relation between having a history of sexual trauma (HST) and trauma symptoms among adolescents at an inpatient psychiatric facility. Attachment to caregivers was measured by the Child Attachment Interview (CAI) and trauma symptoms by the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children (TSCC). HST was assessed with responses to two separate interviews that asked about traumatic experiences: the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (C-DISC) and the CAI. Moderation analyses were conducted using univariate General Linear Modeling (GLM). Of the 229 study participants, 50 (21.8%) had a HST. The relation between HST and trauma symptoms was significantly moderated by insecure attachment with both mother, F(1, 228) = 4.818, p = .029, and father, F(1, 228) = 6.370, p = .012. Specifically, insecurely attached adolescents with a HST exhibited trauma symptoms at levels significantly greater than securely attached adolescents with a HST and adolescents with no HST. Results are consistent with previous research that suggests secure attachment may protect against the development of trauma symptoms among those who have experienced a sexual trauma.

Construct Validation of the Trauma Symptom Checklist–40 Total and Subscale Scores

Assessment ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1016-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jala Rizeq ◽  
David B. Flora ◽  
Doug McCann
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Multiple Trauma ◽  
Complex Trauma ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Symptom Checklist ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Trauma Symptom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trauma Symptomatology

The Trauma Symptom Checklist–40 (TSC-40) is commonly used in clinical research to index history of childhood maltreatment and assess complex trauma symptomatology in adults. Yet the dimensional structure of this measure has not been examined. We examined the factor structure of the TSC-40 in a sample of 706 undergraduate students, measurement invariance of the TSC-40 across groups with or without a history of abuse-related and multiple trauma, and the association between the TSC-40 and other trauma indices. A higher order model of complex trauma symptomatology was optimal. The higher order model also demonstrated strong measurement invariance across participants with or without abuse-related and multiple trauma histories. The current findings support the dimensional structure of the TSC-40, as well as extending and revising its subscale composition. This study provided support for using the TSC-40 to measure trauma symptoms across groups exposed to different and multiple types of trauma and provided further evidence for the construct of complex trauma symptomatology.

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