Exploration of Contributing Factors Related to Driver Errors on Highway Segments

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (38) ◽  
pp. 22-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Razaur Rahman Shaon ◽  
Xiao Qin ◽  
Zhi Chen ◽  
Jian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Multinomial Probit Model ◽  
Driver Error

A significant portion of crashes occurred on highway segments, with more than 90% of crashes associated with driving errors. To avoid a crash, a driver needs to detect a hazard, decide the safest driving maneuvers, and execute them properly. Driver errors at any of these sequential phases may lead to a crash; therefore, it is necessary to identify the contributing factors and assess their influence on driver behavior. To assist this investigation, a multinomial probit model was employed to study driver errors reported in crashes in rural and urban areas. The modeling results identified many highway geometric features, traffic conditions, roadway events, and driver characteristics as statistically correlated to different types of driver error. Following the extensive list, the impacts of error-contributing factors were discussed within each error category. This exercise helps to gain a better understanding of similar or varying effects of explanatory variables across different error categories. The broad and insightful information will help researchers and safety professionals to better understand when, where, and how the driver error may lead to a crash and to develop cost-effective preventive countermeasures.

scholarly journals Contributing Factors to Older-Driver Injury Severity in Rural and Urban Areas

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Loshaka Perera ◽  
Sunanda Dissanayake
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Older Driver ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Road Type

Older drivers tend to be involved in more severe crashes compared to middle-aged drivers, and U.S. Census Population statistics indicate that the older-driver population is rapidly increasing. Therefore, an improvement in older-driver safety is both important and necessary. In this analysis, a statistical modeling technique was used to identify factors contributing to older-driver injury severity. Two separate models were developed for rural and urban locations, which incorporated several potential explanatory variables. Speed, gender, presence of passengers, road type and street-lighting conditions were found to be important factors affecting injury severity of older drivers on both rural and urban roads.

ESTABLISHING THE WELL-BEING OF THE RURAL-URBAN ELDERLY POPULATION: A CASE STUDY OF INDONESIA

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAIDATULAKMAL MOHD ◽  
AZLINDA AZMAN ◽  
JAMALLUDIN SULAIMAN ◽  
ISMAIL BABA
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Urban Elderly ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference

This study determines and compares the influence of various demographic factors in achieving well-being of the elderly population in the rural and urban areas in Indonesia. Age, marital status, social class, perceived health and economic condition are some of the main contributing factors in measuring well-being. In addition, social aspects such as living and familial arrangement were also investigated to establish elderly population well being. Data were collected using a survey-interview method. A total of 157 elderly in the urban areas and 145 elderly in the rural areas were surveyed. A causal model of well-being was employed to analyse the data obtained. The model of well-being was then tested using path analysis to test the causal relationships among the variables. Although the study indicated that there was no significant difference of well-being between the rural and urban elderly, the social support variables generally help improve the well-being of the elderly population.

scholarly journals Determinantes del empleo no pleno de los jóvenes rurales del Ecuador durante el 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Maritza Satama-Bermeo ◽  
David Alejandro Singaña-Tapia
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Young People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Structural Problem ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

In Ecuador, since 2017, the representativeness of full employment had been showing a decline among the number of employed persons in rural and urban areas. This structural problem joins a break in economic growth of the country and the region. In this sense, this study aims to highlight the factors that determine access to non-full employment of young people in rural areas. For this, the estimation of a probit model is carried out. The results show the need to establish differentiated policies for access to full employment for rural youth.

scholarly journals AGORA 2012: The Return to Traditional Marketplace

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnie Lam Ho-Suen
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Form Type ◽  
The City

Market forms such as shopping malls and department stores have been cloned endlessly in both rural and urban areas in many countries as a successful retail model. Despite the fairly homogeneous architectural expression and internalized (isolated) environment of new market forms (cut off from the city at large), the mass production of generic markets are seen favourably, since they are cost effective and offer the high dollar-per-square-footage that developers seek and that favours a global consumer economy. Therefore, the more traditional public markets that were once an expression the local life and culture are now being replacing by the “McDonaldized” (Rizter, 2006 page 123) marketplaces. They all have a similar architectural form, type and style that have little or no linkage to the locale and, in addition, are private zones. Since the 1970s, the intensity of construction of such generic market places has been slowly overriding the authentic identity of market architecture in many regions. In order to distinguish and express the unique architectural developments and the difference in local lifestyles of different regions, it is important to maintain local identity of building that houses “historically stable programs” (Leong, 2011, p. 138) such as local market. It is also crucial to keep the marketplace public in nature where people can socialize with greater freedom. This project intends to re- capture the local identity in a specific urban marketplace as a test of how contemporary design can maintain, revitalize and reinterpret the essence of the local architecture. The site is a typical residential- commercial neighbourhood known as Li-Nong in Shanghai. It is a row house neighbourhood built in 1924 in the heart of the city. The deterioration of buildings and limited access into the neighbourhood has contributed to the decline of businesses in the neighbourhood’s commercial strip. This project attempts to revitalize the historical laneway commercial neighbourhood and make it into a pedestrianized and inviting neighbourhood where locals can still have a shopping experience that is informed by the 1924 Shanghai-nese architecture.

Marked Gender Difference in Plasma Total Homocysteine Concentrations in Indian Adults with low Vitamin B12

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 306-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadanand Naik ◽  
Charudatta Joglekar ◽  
Dattatray Bhat ◽  
Himangi Lubree ◽  
Sonali Rege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Total Homocysteine ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plasma Total Homocysteine

Context: Plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is higher in men than women. Objective: To explore the gender differences in tHcy in relation to determinants of one-carbon metabolism in Indian people with low B12 and adequate folate. Setting: The study took place in rural and urban areas of Pune, India. Design and participants: Participants were 441 men from the cross-sectional Coronary Risk of Insulin Sensitivity in Indian Subjects study (CRISIS) and premenopausal wives of 146 men (median ages 38 and 34 years, respectively). Main outcome measures: Gender difference in fasting tHcy in relation to plasma albumin and creatinine concentrations, lifestyle factors, diet and lean mass, plasma B12 and red cell folate (RCF) was assessed. Results: Prevalence of high tHcy (> 15 µmol/L, median 14.4 µM) was 40 %, low B12 (< 150 pmol/L, 114 pmol/L) 66 %, and low RCF (< 283 nmol/L, 525 nmol/L) 8 %. Men had higher (1.8x) plasma tHcy concentrations (16.2 µmol/L) than women (9.5 µmol/L). Only 50 % of the gender difference was explained by age, lean mass, B12, and RCF. The difference remained after controlling for other explanatory variables. Women with a tHcy of 9.3 µM had the same B12 concentration (129 pmol/L) as men with a tHcy of 15 µM; and for a tHcy of 10.0 µmol/L women had the same RCF concentration (533 nmol/L) as men with a tHcy of 15 µmol/L. Conclusions: Adult Indian women have markedly lower tHcy concentrations compared to men. This suggests a lower threshold for supplementation to improve reproductive and cardiovascular outcomes.

scholarly journals AGORA 2012: The Return to Traditional Marketplace

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnie Lam Ho-Suen
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Form Type ◽  
The City

Market forms such as shopping malls and department stores have been cloned endlessly in both rural and urban areas in many countries as a successful retail model. Despite the fairly homogeneous architectural expression and internalized (isolated) environment of new market forms (cut off from the city at large), the mass production of generic markets are seen favourably, since they are cost effective and offer the high dollar-per-square-footage that developers seek and that favours a global consumer economy. Therefore, the more traditional public markets that were once an expression the local life and culture are now being replacing by the “McDonaldized” (Rizter, 2006 page 123) marketplaces. They all have a similar architectural form, type and style that have little or no linkage to the locale and, in addition, are private zones. Since the 1970s, the intensity of construction of such generic market places has been slowly overriding the authentic identity of market architecture in many regions. In order to distinguish and express the unique architectural developments and the difference in local lifestyles of different regions, it is important to maintain local identity of building that houses “historically stable programs” (Leong, 2011, p. 138) such as local market. It is also crucial to keep the marketplace public in nature where people can socialize with greater freedom. This project intends to re- capture the local identity in a specific urban marketplace as a test of how contemporary design can maintain, revitalize and reinterpret the essence of the local architecture. The site is a typical residential- commercial neighbourhood known as Li-Nong in Shanghai. It is a row house neighbourhood built in 1924 in the heart of the city. The deterioration of buildings and limited access into the neighbourhood has contributed to the decline of businesses in the neighbourhood’s commercial strip. This project attempts to revitalize the historical laneway commercial neighbourhood and make it into a pedestrianized and inviting neighbourhood where locals can still have a shopping experience that is informed by the 1924 Shanghai-nese architecture.

scholarly journals INDOOR AIR POLLUTION: HEALTH HAZARDS AND TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE THE HAZARDOUS EFFECTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9SE) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Purnima Mahto ◽  
Viraj Dubey ◽  
Jaya Panhotra
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Women And Children

Industrial progress and ubiquitous technological adoption are major contributing factors to air pollution in developed countries. Air pollution is equally serious in rural and urban areas of our country. In rural India, majority of women use bio mass fuel (unprocessed fuel) for cooking and heating that causes lots of indoor pollution. Rural women heavily depend on fuel wood and bio mass fuels for cooking activity in which concomitant release of hazardous smoke is a major problem especially in poorly ventilated closed kitchen space. Women and children who spend major part of their time indoors are more prone to be affected by the smoke released by fuel wood burning. To reduce the harmful / hazardous effect of smoke, the intervention of improved technologies like smokeless stoves, domestic biogas plant, processed bio mass fuels (Charring and Briquetting) may be made available to rural parts in India.

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments
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