scholarly journals Contributing Factors to Older-Driver Injury Severity in Rural and Urban Areas

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Loshaka Perera ◽  
Sunanda Dissanayake
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Older Driver ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Road Type

Older drivers tend to be involved in more severe crashes compared to middle-aged drivers, and U.S. Census Population statistics indicate that the older-driver population is rapidly increasing. Therefore, an improvement in older-driver safety is both important and necessary. In this analysis, a statistical modeling technique was used to identify factors contributing to older-driver injury severity. Two separate models were developed for rural and urban locations, which incorporated several potential explanatory variables. Speed, gender, presence of passengers, road type and street-lighting conditions were found to be important factors affecting injury severity of older drivers on both rural and urban roads.

Exploration of Contributing Factors Related to Driver Errors on Highway Segments

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (38) ◽  
pp. 22-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Razaur Rahman Shaon ◽  
Xiao Qin ◽  
Zhi Chen ◽  
Jian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Multinomial Probit Model ◽  
Driver Error

A significant portion of crashes occurred on highway segments, with more than 90% of crashes associated with driving errors. To avoid a crash, a driver needs to detect a hazard, decide the safest driving maneuvers, and execute them properly. Driver errors at any of these sequential phases may lead to a crash; therefore, it is necessary to identify the contributing factors and assess their influence on driver behavior. To assist this investigation, a multinomial probit model was employed to study driver errors reported in crashes in rural and urban areas. The modeling results identified many highway geometric features, traffic conditions, roadway events, and driver characteristics as statistically correlated to different types of driver error. Following the extensive list, the impacts of error-contributing factors were discussed within each error category. This exercise helps to gain a better understanding of similar or varying effects of explanatory variables across different error categories. The broad and insightful information will help researchers and safety professionals to better understand when, where, and how the driver error may lead to a crash and to develop cost-effective preventive countermeasures.

Evaluation of access to electricity and the socioeconomic effects in rural and urban expanses of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toluwalope Ogunro ◽  
Luqman Afolabi
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Government ◽  
Electricity Access

PurposeRecently, multidimensional aspects of poverty has been increasingly focused on which includes education, economy and health, while access to modern energy such as stable electricity is also one of the possible solution; thus, this article aims to divulge the relation between access to electricity and progression in socioeconomic status in urban and rural areas of Nigeria in an attempt to propose a sustainable framework for access to electricity.Design/methodology/approachDemographic and health survey data are collected using four categories of model of questionnaires. A standard questionnaire was designed to gather information on features of the household's dwelling element and attributes of visitors and usual residents between the 2018 period. Biomarker questionnaire was used to gather biomarker data on men, women and children. Logistic model estimation technique was employed to estimate the socioeconomic factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria.FindingsThese studies discovered that there are diverse set of factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria especially in the rural areas. However, respondent residing in rural areas are still largely deprived access to electricity; most importantly, households with no access to electricity are more likely to use self-generating sets as revealed. Additionally, empirical findings indicated that the higher the level of your education and wealth, the higher the likelihood of having access to electricity in Nigeria. These factors included political will to connect the rural areas to the national grid, development of other infrastructures in those deprived areas and others.Practical implicationsThe problem confronting access to electricity in Nigeria has three components. The first is the significance of those deprived access to electricity in the rural areas and the physical resources needed to connect them to the national grid. The second is the political willingness of the government to have equitable distribution of public goods evenly between rural and urban areas especially on electricity access which will go a long way in reducing poverty in Nigeria. The third is lack of robust national development plans and strategy to tackle the problems facing electricity access in Nigeria.Social implicationsAs the rate of socioeconomic status/development increases, access to electricity is anticipated to rise up in Nigeria.Originality/valueThe findings can be used by the policy makers to address problems facing access to electricity in Nigeria.

Demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting infant mortality in Egypt

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Y. Aly
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Reduce Infant Mortality ◽  
Nationally Representative

SummaryThis paper analyses the relative importance of demographic and socioeconomic factors with respect to their role in reducing infant mortality in Egypt.Logit analyses of data from a nationally representative sample of Egyptian households, and for urban and rural households separately, indicate that demographic factors have more effect on infant mortality than socioeconomic factors. The results also show the need to improve housing in urban areas and sewerage systems in rural areas in order to reduce infant mortality. One of the most important policy conclusions, however, concerns the importance of providing a vigorous educational campaign to enlighten mothers and prospective mothers in both rural and urban areas on the positive effects of breast-feeding, longer birth intervals, and fewer children on the survival of infants.

Factors affecting fear of crime: a study of elderly in a district of Uttar Pradesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-227
Author(s):  
Avanish Bhai Patel
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Purpose Fear of crime is an emerging social problem in Indian society that has a significant impact on the quality of life of the elderly. In the view of this fact, the purpose of this paper is to examine the factors such as (prior victimisation, vulnerability and incivility) which contribute their role in bringing fear of crime among the elderly. Design/methodology/approach Mixed method approach has been applied in this paper. This study has been designed as an exploratory lead-in to a planned wider study into rural–urban context as possible factors in shaping the victimisation experience. The study has been conducted from October 2012 to January 2013 on a sample of 220 elderly living in both rural and urban areas of Lucknow in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Findings The study found that elderly have been victimised by known persons as compared to unknown persons. Further, the study found that immediate neighbourhood was swarming with loiters, unruly teenagers, gangs, beggars and alcoholic people walk in the society which have significantly impact on the elderly and give threat in neighbourhood. Originality/value This is an original work of researcher.

scholarly journals Analysis of the impacts of risk factors on teenage and older driver injury severity using random-parameter ordered probit

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1249-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Darban Khales ◽  
Mehmet Metin Kunt ◽  
Branislav Dimitrijevic
Keyword(s):  
Injury Severity ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Random Parameter ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Ordered Probit ◽  
Driver Model ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Lighting Condition ◽  
Older Driver

The study analyzed injury severity of teenage and older drivers using 2015–2016 crash data from New Mexico. The fitness of the random-parameter ordered probit models developed for each age group was tested using likelihood ratio, comparing them to a unified model that combines both age groups, as well as comparing the random-parameter to fixed-parameter ordered probit for each age group. In both cases separate random-parameter ordered probit provided better results. It was found that vehicle type and age, lighting condition, alcohol or drug use, speeding, and seatbelt use were significant both for the teenage and older driver injury severity. The weather condition and gender were significant only in the teenage driver model, while driver inattention was significant for older drivers. The impacts of crash factors on injury severity was analyzed using marginal effects. The results indicate notable differences in the effects of contributing factors on driver injury severity between teenage and older drivers, including the sensitivity to changes in the mutual predictor parameter values.

ESTABLISHING THE WELL-BEING OF THE RURAL-URBAN ELDERLY POPULATION: A CASE STUDY OF INDONESIA

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAIDATULAKMAL MOHD ◽  
AZLINDA AZMAN ◽  
JAMALLUDIN SULAIMAN ◽  
ISMAIL BABA
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Urban Elderly ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference

This study determines and compares the influence of various demographic factors in achieving well-being of the elderly population in the rural and urban areas in Indonesia. Age, marital status, social class, perceived health and economic condition are some of the main contributing factors in measuring well-being. In addition, social aspects such as living and familial arrangement were also investigated to establish elderly population well being. Data were collected using a survey-interview method. A total of 157 elderly in the urban areas and 145 elderly in the rural areas were surveyed. A causal model of well-being was employed to analyse the data obtained. The model of well-being was then tested using path analysis to test the causal relationships among the variables. Although the study indicated that there was no significant difference of well-being between the rural and urban elderly, the social support variables generally help improve the well-being of the elderly population.

Regional variations of fertility in Iraq and factors affecting it

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Kohli
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
And Migration

SummaryA study of the differentials in fertility of Iraq's Mohafadhas, and the association of fertility with various socio-cultural factors, is handicapped for want of the reliable vital statistics from which measures of fertility can be satisfactorily derived. The alternative method, using a simple measure of fertility, the child–woman ratio, which requires only a knowledge of the population in age groups is therefore used. Since this measure is computed from census statistics, it is affected by differences in enumeration errors and in mortality and migration. An attempt has been made in this paper to keep these factors constant by using a modified child–woman ratio for comparing fertility levels.The analysis showed that fertility rates vary from region to region, between Mohafadhas within a region and between rural and urban areas. One important broad geographic variation was that the Northern region was the area of high fertility. For the Mohafadhas, significant differences were noted in only six of the sixteen Mohafadhas of Iraq. Rural–urban difference was minimal, with few exceptions, and it was not always in the same direction. The intra-rural variations in the fertility ratio were far more important than intra-urban differences.Correlation analysis showed that the average age at marriage, the proportion never married and the sex ratio in the reproductive ages were the important factors in explaining fertility differences between Mohafad has. There was virtually no correlation between fertility and urbanization or literacy.

Modeling Pedestrian Injury Severity in Pedestrian-Vehicle Crashes in Rural and Urban Areas: Mixed Logit Model Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Chen ◽  
Wei (David) Fan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Mixed Logit ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Vehicle Crashes ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Pedestrian Injury ◽  
Injury Severities

Pedestrian-vehicle crashes are more likely to result in severe pedestrian incapacitating injuries and fatalities than other types of crashes. In this study, mixed logit models are developed to investigate and identify significant contributing factors to the pedestrian injury severity in pedestrian-vehicle crashes in both rural and urban areas in North Carolina, United States. Pedestrian-vehicle crash data from the Highway Safety Information System database from 2005 to 2012 are collected and used in this study. Crash injury severities are classified into five categories: fatality; injury class 1 (disabling injury); injury class 2 (evident injury); injury class 3 (possible injury); and no injury (property damage only). The estimation results show that factors such as a bad driver’s physical condition, heavy trucks, dark light condition, speed limit between 35 and 50 mph and speed limit above 50 mph will significantly increase pedestrian injury severities in both rural and urban areas. The developed model and analysis results provide insights on developing effective countermeasures to reduce pedestrian injury severities in pedestrian-vehicle crashes and improve traffic system safety performance.

Marked Gender Difference in Plasma Total Homocysteine Concentrations in Indian Adults with low Vitamin B12

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 306-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadanand Naik ◽  
Charudatta Joglekar ◽  
Dattatray Bhat ◽  
Himangi Lubree ◽  
Sonali Rege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Total Homocysteine ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plasma Total Homocysteine

Context: Plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is higher in men than women. Objective: To explore the gender differences in tHcy in relation to determinants of one-carbon metabolism in Indian people with low B12 and adequate folate. Setting: The study took place in rural and urban areas of Pune, India. Design and participants: Participants were 441 men from the cross-sectional Coronary Risk of Insulin Sensitivity in Indian Subjects study (CRISIS) and premenopausal wives of 146 men (median ages 38 and 34 years, respectively). Main outcome measures: Gender difference in fasting tHcy in relation to plasma albumin and creatinine concentrations, lifestyle factors, diet and lean mass, plasma B12 and red cell folate (RCF) was assessed. Results: Prevalence of high tHcy (> 15 µmol/L, median 14.4 µM) was 40 %, low B12 (< 150 pmol/L, 114 pmol/L) 66 %, and low RCF (< 283 nmol/L, 525 nmol/L) 8 %. Men had higher (1.8x) plasma tHcy concentrations (16.2 µmol/L) than women (9.5 µmol/L). Only 50 % of the gender difference was explained by age, lean mass, B12, and RCF. The difference remained after controlling for other explanatory variables. Women with a tHcy of 9.3 µM had the same B12 concentration (129 pmol/L) as men with a tHcy of 15 µM; and for a tHcy of 10.0 µmol/L women had the same RCF concentration (533 nmol/L) as men with a tHcy of 15 µmol/L. Conclusions: Adult Indian women have markedly lower tHcy concentrations compared to men. This suggests a lower threshold for supplementation to improve reproductive and cardiovascular outcomes.

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