The semantics of conversion nouns and -ing nominalizations: A quantitative and theoretical perspective

This paper addresses a fundamental problem of derivational morphology: which meanings are possible for the words of a given morphological category, which forms can be chosen to express a given meaning, and what is the role of the base in these mappings of form and meaning? In a broad empirical study we examine the extent to which two types of nominalizations in English – conversion nouns and -ing nominalizations – can express either eventive or referential readings, can be quantified as either count or mass, and can be based on verbs of particular aspectual classes (state, activity, accomplishment, achievement, semelfactive). Past literature (for example, Grimshaw 1990 Brinton 1995, 1998 Borer 2013) has suggested an association between conversion nominalization, count quantification, and referential reading on the one hand, and between -ing nominalization, mass quantification and eventive reading on the other. Using a subset of the data reported in Andreou & Lieber (2020), we give statistical evidence that the relationship between morphological form, type of quantification, and aspectual class of base verb is neither categorical, as the literature suggests, nor completely free, but rather is probabilistic. We provide both a univariate analysis and a multivariate analysis (using conditional inference trees) that show that the relationship among the variables of morphological form, eventivity, quantification and aspectual class of base is complex. Tendencies sometimes go in the direction suggested by past literature (e.g. -ing forms tend to be eventive), but sometimes contradict past predictions (conversion also tends to be eventive). We also document that an important role is played by the specific verb underlying the nominalization rather than the aspectual class of verb. Finally, we consider what the pattern of polysemy that we uncover suggests with respect to theoretical modeling, looking at syntactic models (Distributed Morphology), lexical semantic models (the Lexical Semantic Framework), Analogical Models, and Distributional Semantics.

Semantic and motivational characteristics of enmity vocabulary: the relevance of structural motivation

The object of the research includes the actual designations of the subject with the semantics of enmity, formed with the active foreign language word-formation components, functioning in Russian-language online media and Internet communication in 2000-2020. The approaches used include system-centric and text-centric, semasiological and onomasiological approaches, motivational, definitional, functional-semantic and contextual analysis. It analyses the syntagmatics, semantics, word's inner form, type of motivation, motivational form and meaning, motivational and classification features, lexical and structural motivators, ways of discursive actualising the motivational relations of the studied words. It is shown that selected lexical units with the component –phobe, -phrenic, - saur, -down, -hater, -oid, -oholik, -path, -man, -(e)rast belong to the vocabulary of enmity depending on their significative or pragmatic component, implement a negative assessment of intellectual, psychological, moral qualities of the subject. The actual vectors of developing the nominal vocabulary of enmity in the Russian language are determined by integration, intensification, internationalization, intensification. The relevant word-forming tendencies in the studied group of nouns are highlighted – the frequency of word composition, non-usual ways of word formation, nominations by analogy, the increasing role of onyms, the activity of word-forming components with a negative rating. It is demonstrated that motivational relations of lexemes are discursively implemented through the actualization of lexical and structural motivation, the paradigmatic value of lexemes, the subjective modality that the addressee uses, his/her individual motivation of words.

Evaluation of monitoring tools for WASH response in a cholera outbreak in northeast Nigeria

Monitoring water, sanitation, and hygiene programs in cholera outbreaks is critical to improve humanitarian response. The objective of this research was to evaluate, and improve, WASH in cholera monitoring tools currently used in northeast Nigeria. We collected 723 forms from 2019 from three form types, combined them into one database of 980 activities, and stratified data by form type, response, implementing organization, activity, month/day, and geographical area. We conducted seven key informant interviews (KIIs) with monitoring tool users and decision-makers. Data irregularities (including in design, collection, and entry) led to an inability to meaningfully analyze monitoring forms. In KIIs, eight themes emerged: ease of use of current tools, improvement in monitoring over time, lack of access to data, need for training, inconsistent reporting practices, need for modification of current questions, need for the addition of new questions, and connectivity issues. Although informants reported monitoring helped organizations identify gaps during the response, the scarcity and inconsistency of the reported data make it difficult to draw any conclusions about program effectiveness, accountability in humanitarian response, or to make recommendations for improving programming. To improve monitoring, we recommend refining data collection by increasing the quantity of data reported, data consistency, and data relevancy.

The Cellular Choreography of Osteoblast Angiotropism in Bone Development and Homeostasis

Interaction between endothelial cells and osteoblasts is essential for bone development and homeostasis. This process is mediated in large part by osteoblast angiotropism, the migration of osteoblasts alongside blood vessels, which is crucial for the homing of osteoblasts to sites of bone formation during embryogenesis and in mature bones during remodeling and repair. Specialized bone endothelial cells that form “type H” capillaries have emerged as key interaction partners of osteoblasts, regulating osteoblast differentiation and maturation and ensuring their migration towards newly forming trabecular bone areas. Recent revolutions in high-resolution imaging methodologies for bone as well as single cell and RNA sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of some of the signaling pathways and molecular interactions that underpin this regulatory relationship. Similarly, the intercellular cross talk between endothelial cells and entombed osteocytes that is essential for bone formation, repair, and maintenance are beginning to be uncovered. This is a relatively new area of research that has, until recently, been hampered by a lack of appropriate analysis tools. Now that these tools are available, greater understanding of the molecular relationships between these key cell types is expected to facilitate identification of new drug targets for diseases of bone formation and remodeling.

GUILTY IN THE CASE OF TAKING BRIBES AND GIVING BRIBES

In the present investigation, the notion of guilt is analyzed as a constitutive sign of the subjective side of the offenses provided in art. 333 and 334 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova, which provide liability for taking bribes and giving bribes, respectively. As a result, the form, type and content of guilt in the case of taking bribes and giving bribes offenses were established. It was demonstrated that the offenses provided in art. 333 and 334 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova are committed with intent. In the case of these offenses, imprudent form of guilt is excluded. It has been argued that the offenses of taking bribes and giving bribes are committed with direct intent. In the case of such offenses, indirect intent is excluded. Last but not least, the intellectual factor and the volitional factor of the direct intention manifested in the case of the offenses provided in art. 333 and 334 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova were analyzed. In order to obtain these results, the relevant normative acts from the Republic of Moldova, the international acts in the matter, as well as the specialized criminal doctrine were studied. The conclusions formulated in the present study can be applied in the practical activity, as well as in the training process.

PENERAPAN GIZI SEIMBANG SELAMA MASA PUASA DI DESA PERBARAKAN, KECAMATAN LUBUK PAKAM TAHUN 2021

As an obligation carried out by Muslims, fasting is a partial fasting group, namely fasting that is carried out periodically. One indication of fasting is categorized as good if it begins with breaking the fast, ending sahur, stopping eating before being full. During the fasting period, it is highly recommended to maintain a balanced diet. In addition to the nutritional content, the form / type of food served also needs to be considered so that the implementation of fasting goes well and without causing health problems, especially in the stomach organ. This PKM activity was carried out with the aim of increasing knowledge and understanding in the application of balanced nutrition during fasting worship with the target of PKK mothers in Perbarakan Village, Lubuk Pakam District. Pre and post tests were conducted to see if there was an increase in understanding of balanced nutrition. Activities are carried out by providing information in the form of balanced nutrition counseling and tips on how to manage balanced nutrition in the family. The implementation time of the activity is 1 week with a total of four meetings. After the counseling is done, it is hoped that there will be an increase in knowledge about balanced nutrition which will later be applied in their respective homes during the fasting period. During the extension, the implementation team also provided props in the form of food models and leaflets. The results obtained can be observed in the graphic images that will be displayed where there is an increased understanding of balanced nutrition. In addition, the existence of teaching aids also helps facilitate the delivery of balanced nutrition material.

Does Neighbourhood Design Impact Social Interactions Amongst Neighbours? Studying The Influence Of Neighbourhood Built-form & Type On Socialization Among Neighbours In Canadian Cities

Urban planning has devoted significant effort to exploring the linkages between neighbourhood design and social interactions. With the increasing popularity of New Urbanism, the role New Urbanist design features play in promoting neighbourly socialization and strengthening communal bonds have become widely debated. This thesis contributes to the existing literature by researching how socialization differs between New Urbanist and traditional suburban neighbourhoods and whether the socialization difference, if any, results from differences in neighbourhood structure and design. This thesis uses a data set comprised of eight neighbourhoods - four of which are New Urbanist neighbourhoods and the other four are traditional suburban neighbourhoods. Using ordered probit regression modelling, the extent of socialization that stems from households’ demographic characteristics and the housing-level and neighbourhood-level physical design features is determined. The results indicate that socialization is more likely to be influenced by the amalgamated effect of neighbourhood type, rather than design features alone.

Does Neighbourhood Design Impact Social Interactions Amongst Neighbours? Studying The Influence Of Neighbourhood Built-form & Type On Socialization Among Neighbours In Canadian Cities

Urban planning has devoted significant effort to exploring the linkages between neighbourhood design and social interactions. With the increasing popularity of New Urbanism, the role New Urbanist design features play in promoting neighbourly socialization and strengthening communal bonds have become widely debated. This thesis contributes to the existing literature by researching how socialization differs between New Urbanist and traditional suburban neighbourhoods and whether the socialization difference, if any, results from differences in neighbourhood structure and design. This thesis uses a data set comprised of eight neighbourhoods - four of which are New Urbanist neighbourhoods and the other four are traditional suburban neighbourhoods. Using ordered probit regression modelling, the extent of socialization that stems from households’ demographic characteristics and the housing-level and neighbourhood-level physical design features is determined. The results indicate that socialization is more likely to be influenced by the amalgamated effect of neighbourhood type, rather than design features alone.

AGORA 2012: The Return to Traditional Marketplace

Market forms such as shopping malls and department stores have been cloned endlessly in both rural and urban areas in many countries as a successful retail model. Despite the fairly homogeneous architectural expression and internalized (isolated) environment of new market forms (cut off from the city at large), the mass production of generic markets are seen favourably, since they are cost effective and offer the high dollar-per-square-footage that developers seek and that favours a global consumer economy. Therefore, the more traditional public markets that were once an expression the local life and culture are now being replacing by the “McDonaldized” (Rizter, 2006 page 123) marketplaces. They all have a similar architectural form, type and style that have little or no linkage to the locale and, in addition, are private zones. Since the 1970s, the intensity of construction of such generic market places has been slowly overriding the authentic identity of market architecture in many regions. In order to distinguish and express the unique architectural developments and the difference in local lifestyles of different regions, it is important to maintain local identity of building that houses “historically stable programs” (Leong, 2011, p. 138) such as local market. It is also crucial to keep the marketplace public in nature where people can socialize with greater freedom. This project intends to re- capture the local identity in a specific urban marketplace as a test of how contemporary design can maintain, revitalize and reinterpret the essence of the local architecture. The site is a typical residential- commercial neighbourhood known as Li-Nong in Shanghai. It is a row house neighbourhood built in 1924 in the heart of the city. The deterioration of buildings and limited access into the neighbourhood has contributed to the decline of businesses in the neighbourhood’s commercial strip. This project attempts to revitalize the historical laneway commercial neighbourhood and make it into a pedestrianized and inviting neighbourhood where locals can still have a shopping experience that is informed by the 1924 Shanghai-nese architecture.