Do cultures clash?

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irem Uz
Keyword(s):  
World Population ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Samples ◽  
Over Time

The consequences of globalization are a matter of debate. This study is an attempt to test the predictions of homogenization, polarization, and hybridization theorists with regard to the similarities and differences between and within societies. Utilizing four waves of the World Values Survey, from 1989 to 2007, this study covers 20 societies that represent 55% of the world population. The survey involved value statements in 72 areas by nationally representative samples. Results showed that differences between Western and non-Western countries’ cultures tended to increase slightly over time, but that these increases in disagreement were not due to cultures moving in opposite directions. In all instances, they were moving in the same direction, with one of the cultures moving faster. The direction of influence was mostly from Western toward non-Western, lending support to the idea that globalization leads to homogenization, rather than to polarization or hybridization.

Are the religious suspicious of science? Investigating religiosity, religious context, and orientations towards science

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 967-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Chan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Scientific Authority ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Religious Context ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

Are the religious suspicious of science? Drawing on data from 52 nations in the World Values Survey (wave 6) ( N = 58,474), I utilize multilevel models to examine the relationship between religiosity, religious context, and five different orientations towards science: confidence in science, trust in scientific authority under conditions of conflict with religion, faith in science, views on the moral effects of science, and interest in scientific knowledge. Results show that while religiosity is on average negatively associated with the five outcomes, the relationship between religiosity and orientations towards science varies by country such that religiosity is sometimes positively associated with the different outcomes. Religiosity is only consistently negatively associated with trust in scientific authority in all countries and with all orientations towards science in western countries. Finally, differences in orientations towards science also exist across country religious contexts, with countries dominated by the unaffiliated having more positive orientations towards science.

scholarly journals Keeping Keeping New Zealand in the World Values Survey, 1985-2019:

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Paul Perry ◽  
Polly Yeung
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Views ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Cross National

A brief review of the World Values Survey (WVS) is presented. Seven waves of the survey have occurred since the 1980’s, in between 50 and 80 different countries, using a common questionnaire of several hundred items covering a wide range of social and political views.  The WVS in New Zealand is then described, having completed six waves between 1985 and the latest survey in 2019. New Zealand social researchers are urged to make use of the WVS data, which is freely available on the WVS website, for all waves. WVS data can be used for cross-national comparisons, examining issues within New Zealand and to consider changes in social views over time.  Examples of some the most evident social trends over time in New Zealand are presented.  These include increasing environmental concern, social tolerance, support for gender equality, and increasing value placed on the Treaty of Waitangi. Declines can be seen in religiosity, active participation in some types of voluntary organisations, a willingness to fight for the country and the use of traditional media as a source of news. Several illustrative cross-national comparisons are also presented including a dramatic difference in attitudes towards migrants between New Zealand and Australia.

Values of Participants in Behavioral Accounting Research: A Comparison of the M-Turk Population to a Nationally Representative Sample

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Brink ◽  
Lorraine S. Lee ◽  
Jonathan S. Pyzoha
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Behavioral Accounting ◽  
The World ◽  
Online Labor Markets ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Online Labor ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT The external validity of conclusions from behavioral accounting experiments is in part dependent upon the representativeness of the sample compared to the population of interest. Researchers are beginning to leverage the availability of workers via online labor markets, such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk (M-Turk), as proxies for the general population (e.g., investors, jurors, and taxpayers). Using over 200 values-based items from the World Values Survey (WVS), the purpose of the current study is to explore whether U.S. M-Turk workers' values are similar to those of the U.S. population. Results show for the majority of items collected, M-Turk participants' values are significantly different from the WVS participants (e.g., values related to trust, ethics, religious beliefs, and politics). We present select items and themes representing values shown to influence judgments in prior research and discuss how those values may affect inferences of behavioral accounting researchers. Data Availability: Data are available from the authors upon request.

Test Case 3

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
G. E. R. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

A sense of the difference between right and wrong and a corresponding recognition of a concept of morality can be widely, maybe even universally, attested, as has been suggested for the Golden Rule (treat others as you would have them treat you). But how far does the great variety of explicit codified legal systems that can be attested across the world and over time undermine any possibility of treating law or even ‘custom’ as a robust cross-cultural category? This chapter investigates the similarities and differences in those systems in ancient societies (Greece, China) and in modern ones (e.g. Papua New Guinea) to throw light on the one hand on the importance of law for social order but on the other on the difficulties facing any programme to secure lasting justice.

Variations in the Acceptance of Parental Corporal Punishment of Children: What Matters?

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110358
Author(s):  
Hasan Muhammad Baniamin
Keyword(s):  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
The World ◽  
Degree Of Acceptance ◽  
The One ◽  
Large Survey ◽  
Representative Samples

This article tries to identify people’s degree of acceptance of parental corporal punishment (CP) of children and the nature of the association of different variables, particularly the value variables with such acceptance. For this purpose, the study uses data from the World Values Survey 6 (2010-2014), which is a large survey of attitudes based on representative samples from 60 different countries (around 1,200 respondents from each). This study tested five hypotheses and two subhypotheses on individuals’ acceptance of parental CP: effects of emancipative values (aspiration to autonomy and freedom), nonmasculine values, religiousness, people’s dissatisfaction with life in general, and more specifically, dissatisfaction with financial and health conditions and national bans on CP. The findings show that the higher level presence of emancipative values and nonmasculine values are associated with lower support for CP. The study also finds that a number of sociodemographic variables affect the endorsement of CP; on the one hand, people with higher age and lower social classes (subjective) tend to express less support for CP, whereas on the other, people with no partners (divorced/separated/widowed/single) and men tend to express higher support for the use of parental CP. The identification of these associations can help us to develop more effective policies to address the problem of CP.

scholarly journals Expressing Confidence in Unions in Quebec and the Other Canadian Provinces: Similarities and Contrasts in Findings

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Frangi ◽  
Marc-Antonin Hennebert
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
National Comparison ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
Positive Effect

This article examines changes in levels of confidence in unions and proposes an intra-national comparison between Quebec and the rest of Canada based on the analysis of the three most recent waves of the World Values Survey (WVS) database, of which Canada is part (i.e. 1990, 2000, 2006). After noting differences in the trends of confidence in unions in these two regions, we applied the same logistic regression model to both regions, based on the 2006 WVS wave, in order to bring out the determinants of the propensity of individuals to express confidence in unions. The results show both similarities and differences between the two regions. As for the similarities between Quebec and the rest of Canada, it should be noted that involvement in politics and the fact of being unionized had a positive effect on the respondents’ propensity to have confidence in unions whereas most of the socio-demographic variables had no significant effects. As for the differences, the fact of reporting a higher income had a significant negative impact in Quebec, but was not significant in the rest of Canada. The fact of supporting the NDP in the rest of Canada had a more structuring effect on the propensity of individuals to have confidence in unions than the fact of supporting the BQ in Quebec. Moreover, the greater the extent to which citizens in Quebec identified with left-leaning ideological positions, the more likely they were to have confidence in unions. Finally, the respondent’s level of education was not significant in the rest of Canada but,cetiris paribus, was highly significant and positively related to confidence in unions in Quebec.

scholarly journals Evolution of Spanish and Worldwide fitness trends: a five-year analysis (Evolución de las encuestas del fitness en España y a nivel mundial: un análisis de los últimos 5 años)

Retos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 388-397
Author(s):  
Oscar L Veiga ◽  
Alejandro Romero-Caballero ◽  
Manel Valcarce-Torrente ◽  
Vanessa M Kercher ◽  
Walter Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Sport Medicine ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Business Decisions ◽  
Regional Market ◽  
The World ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
De Medicina ◽  
Over Time

Since 2006 the American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM) has annually published the Worldwide Survey of Fitness Trends and through them fitness professionals around the world are asked about their prediction of the most prominent trends in the fitness market for the following year. The results of fitness trends surveys are intended to help this industry make important business decisions for its growth and future development. Spain was the first country in the world to replicate the methodology of ACSM’s Worldwide Survey, and now more and more regions are doing the same. There have been five editions of the Spanish survey allowing for the first evolutionary portrayal of fitness trends in this regional market that could be also compared and contrasted to the corresponding results of worldwide surveys. Results of these comparisons highlight differences of relevance and evolution over time of the main fitness trends between Spanish and Worldwide settings. A progressive divergence in both surveys is observed over time. Some of the main similarities and differences of regional and worldwide trends are identified, and their potential causes are discussed. As a conclusion, a comparison of both surveys underlines the interest to replicate at regional levels the ACSM Worldwide Fitness Trends Surveys to get a better understanding that links the knowledge about worldwide trends with specificities found in more specific geographic regions. Resumen: Desde 2006, el Colegio Americano de Medicina del Deporte (ACSM) publica anualmente la Encuesta mundial de tendencias de fitness y, a través de ella, se pregunta a los profesionales del fitness de todo el mundo sobre su predicción acerca de las tendencias más destacadas en el mercado del fitness para el año siguiente. Los resultados de estas encuestas están destinados a ayudar a la industria del fitness a tomar decisiones comerciales importantes para su crecimiento y desarrollo futuro. España fue el primer país del mundo en replicar la metodología de la Encuesta Mundial de ACSM, y ahora cada vez más países y regiones están haciendo lo mismo. Se han realizado cinco ediciones de la encuesta española, que permiten la primera descripción evolutiva de las tendencias de fitness en este mercado regional, pudiendo también compararse y contrastarse con los resultados correspondientes de las encuestas mundiales. Los resultados de estas comparaciones destacan las diferencias en cuanto a relevancia y evolución en el tiempo de las principales tendencias de fitness entre los entornos español y mundial, observándose una divergencia progresiva en ambas encuestas a lo largo del tiempo. Durante el manuscrito se identifican las principales similitudes y diferencias de las tendencias regionales y mundiales, y se discuten sus posibles causas. Como conclusión, la comparación de ambas encuestas subraya el interés de replicar a nivel regional la Encuesta Mundial de Tendencias de Fitness del ACSM para obtener una mejor comprensión que vincule el conocimiento sobre las tendencias mundiales con las especificidades encontradas en regiones geográficas más específicas.

EXPRESS: Popping the Positive Illusion of Financial Responsibility Can Increase Personal Savings: Applications in Emerging and Western Markets

2020 ◽  
pp. 002224292097964
Author(s):  
Emily N. Garbinsky ◽  
Nicole L. Mead ◽  
Daniel Gregg
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Positive Illusion ◽  
Earned Income ◽  
Financial Responsibility ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Personal Savings ◽  
Over Time

People around the world are not saving enough money. We propose that one reason people under-save is because they hold the positive illusion of being financially responsible. If this conjecture is correct, then deflating this inflated self-view may increase saving, as people should become motivated to restore perceptions of financial responsibility. After establishing that people do hold the illusion of financial responsibility, we developed an intervention that combats this self-enhancing bias by triggering people to recognize their frequent engagement in superfluous spending. This superfluous-spender intervention increased saving by enhancing people’s motivation to restore their diminished perceptions of financial responsibility. Consistent with theorizing, the intervention increased saving only when superfluous spending was under one’s control and among those who were motivated to perceive themselves as financially responsible. In addition to increasing saving in Western countries, the superfluous-spender intervention increased saving of earned income and a financial windfall over time amongst chronically poor coffee growers in rural Uganda. Collectively, this work shows that people view their financial responsibility through rose-colored glasses which, in turn, can undermine their financial well-being. It also endows stakeholders with a simple, practical, and inexpensive intervention that offsets this bias to increase personal savings.

Time trends in schoolwork pressure among Dutch adolescents, 2001–2017: Gender and educational differences

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110183
Author(s):  
Alina Cosma ◽  
Gonneke W.J.M. Stevens ◽  
Wilma A.M. Vollebergh ◽  
Margreet De Looze
Keyword(s):  
Time Trends ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Educational Differences ◽  
Dutch Health ◽  
Gender And Educational Differences ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Samples ◽  
Over Time

Aims: This study investigated gender and educational differences in trends in schoolwork pressure between 2001 and 2017 in nationally representative samples of Dutch adolescents in secondary education. Methods: Data from five surveys of the Dutch Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study were used. Results: Across the surveys, an increase in perceived schoolwork pressure was observed. Girls and adolescents enrolled in the higher educational levels reported higher levels of perceived schoolwork pressure and the strongest increase in schoolwork pressure over time. Especially for girls, there was a stronger increase in schoolwork pressure for those enrolled in higher educational tracks. Conclusions: Increases in schoolwork pressure over time were stronger among Dutch girls and students in the higher educational levels. Over time, schoolwork pressure increased most among girls in the highest educational levels. Explanations and implications for these results are discussed.

2. From 55,000 to 7 billion

2018 ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Sarah Harper
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
World Population ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Economy ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Over Time

‘From 55,000 to 7 billion’ describes how global population has evolved over time and space, experiencing a small increase for thousands of years, until around 200 years ago when global population grew dramatically. 1.2 million years ago there were around 55,000 humans, then by the end of the last ice age 20,000 years ago there were around 1 million Homo sapiens. The next 15,000 years saw a dramatic evolution in human economy and society and by 5000 bc the world population reached around 5 million. It took a further 7,000 years for population to reach one billion by ad 1800. Population now stands at some 7 billion and is projected to reach around 10 billion during this century.

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