Time trends in schoolwork pressure among Dutch adolescents, 2001–2017: Gender and educational differences

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110183
Author(s):  
Alina Cosma ◽  
Gonneke W.J.M. Stevens ◽  
Wilma A.M. Vollebergh ◽  
Margreet De Looze
Keyword(s):  
Time Trends ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Educational Differences ◽  
Dutch Health ◽  
Gender And Educational Differences ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Samples ◽  
Over Time

Aims: This study investigated gender and educational differences in trends in schoolwork pressure between 2001 and 2017 in nationally representative samples of Dutch adolescents in secondary education. Methods: Data from five surveys of the Dutch Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study were used. Results: Across the surveys, an increase in perceived schoolwork pressure was observed. Girls and adolescents enrolled in the higher educational levels reported higher levels of perceived schoolwork pressure and the strongest increase in schoolwork pressure over time. Especially for girls, there was a stronger increase in schoolwork pressure for those enrolled in higher educational tracks. Conclusions: Increases in schoolwork pressure over time were stronger among Dutch girls and students in the higher educational levels. Over time, schoolwork pressure increased most among girls in the highest educational levels. Explanations and implications for these results are discussed.

scholarly journals Intake of sugar sweetened soft drinks among adolescents: Trends and social inequality in Denmark 2002-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Bjørn E. Holstein ◽  
Mogens Trab Damsgaard ◽  
Pernille Due ◽  
Rikke Fredenslund Krølner ◽  
Trine Pagh Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Health Behaviour ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Occupational Social Class ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Samples

Background: Intake of sugar sweetened soft drinks (SSSD) has decreased among adolescents, but trends in social inequality in SSSD intake are unknown. Aim: Examine trends in social inequality in SSSD intake among adolescents in Denmark during 2002–2018. Methods: Five Health Behaviour in School-aged Children surveys with data on SSSD intake and parents’ occupational social class (OSC) from nationally representative samples of 11, 13 and 15 year olds, n =20,112. Results: The overall prevalence of daily SSSD intake decreased from 10.1% in 2002 to 6.4% in 2018. The prevalence decreased in both high OSC (from 8% to 5%) and middle OSC (from 10% to 6%) but remained around 12% in low OSC. The odds ratio (OR) estimates of low compared with high OSC increased over the years around an overall OR of 2.01 (1.74–2.34). Conclusions: Danish adolescents’ SSSD intake decreased during 2002–2018 and was higher the lower the parents’ OSC. Thus, social inequality increased during 2002–2018.

scholarly journals Chronic Backpain Among Adolescents in Denmark: Socioeconomic Inequality and Trends 1991-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjørn E. Holstein ◽  
Mogens Trab Damsgaard ◽  
Katrine Rich Madsen ◽  
Trine Pagh Pedersen ◽  
Mette Toftager
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
International Health ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Hbsc Study ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
School Surveys ◽  
Representative Samples

Abstract Chronic backpain among adolescents is important because the prevalence and the burden of disability is high. Chronic backpain tracks into adulthood and is associated with several health problems. The objective was to study trends in the prevalence of chronic backpain among adolescents 1991-2018, to examine the association with socioeconomic status (SES) and whether this association changed over time. The study used data from eight comparable cross-sectional school-surveys of nationally representative samples of 11-15-year-olds in 1991, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018, the Danish arm of the international Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. The participation rate was 88.0%, n=29,952. Chronic backpain was defined as self-reported backpain daily or several days a week during the last six months. The prevalence of chronic backpain was 11.1%, significantly increasing from 8.9% in 1991 to 11.7% in 2018. The OR for chronic backpain was 1.20 (1.10-1.31) in middle and 1.56 (1.41-1.73) in low compared to high OSC. Sensitivity analyses with two other cut-points for backpain frequency showed similar associations. Conclusion: Chronic backpain is common among adolescents and the prevalence increased from 1991 to 2918. The prevalence was highest in lower SES families. We recommend increased efforts to prevent chronic backpain.

scholarly journals Time trends in adolescent mental well-being in Czechia between 2002 and 2018: Gender, age and socio-economic differences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Cosma ◽  
András Költő ◽  
Petr Badura ◽  
Petr Winkler ◽  
Michal Kalman
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: Recent literature points to a decline over time in adolescent mental well-being but results are inconsistent and rely mainly on data from Western societies. This study investigates time trends in adolescent mental well-being (psychological and somatic complaints, life satisfaction) among Czech adolescents and explores whether these time trends are moderated by gender, age and socio-economic status. Methods: Nationally representative data from 29,378 Czech adolescents (50.8% girls, M age = 13.43; SD age = 1.65) across five Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) surveys (2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018) were included in the analyses. Hierarchical regression models estimated national trends in adolescent mental well-being. We also tested whether these trends vary between girls and boys, adolescents of different age and from different socio-economic backgrounds. Results: Across the quadrennial surveys from 2002 to 2018, an increase in the psychological complaints was observed. Life satisfaction decreased over time up to 2014 only, whereas somatic symptoms increased until 2010, followed by a decline in 2014 and 2018. Girls, older adolescents and those from low family affluence reported poorer mental well-being outcomes. Gender gap increased over time for psychological complaints and life satisfaction. Socio-economic inequalities gap in adolescent mental well-being remained stable over the investigated timeframe. Conclusions: Our findings do not provide evidence for substantial temporal changes in mental well-being among adolescents in Czechia. Yet, only the increase in psychological complaints has been consistent which is an indicator of a decline over time in adolescent mental well-being. Furthermore, the gender gap in reporting psychological complaints and life satisfaction increased over time, whereas the age and socio-economic differences remained relatively stable. This calls for the attention of public health professionals and policy makers from Czechia. Keywords: Adolescence; mental health; mental well-being; well-being; gender; trends; age; socio-economic status; HBSC

Do cultures clash?

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irem Uz
Keyword(s):  
World Population ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Samples ◽  
Over Time

The consequences of globalization are a matter of debate. This study is an attempt to test the predictions of homogenization, polarization, and hybridization theorists with regard to the similarities and differences between and within societies. Utilizing four waves of the World Values Survey, from 1989 to 2007, this study covers 20 societies that represent 55% of the world population. The survey involved value statements in 72 areas by nationally representative samples. Results showed that differences between Western and non-Western countries’ cultures tended to increase slightly over time, but that these increases in disagreement were not due to cultures moving in opposite directions. In all instances, they were moving in the same direction, with one of the cultures moving faster. The direction of influence was mostly from Western toward non-Western, lending support to the idea that globalization leads to homogenization, rather than to polarization or hybridization.

scholarly journals Time trends in socio-economic inequalities in stunting prevalence: analyses of repeated national surveys

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 2097-2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Clara Restrepo-Méndez ◽  
Aluísio JD Barros ◽  
Robert E Black ◽  
Cesar G Victora
Keyword(s):  
Time Trends ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Absolute And Relative Inequalities ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Rich ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Economic Inequalities

AbstractObjectiveMuch is known about national trends in child undernutrition, but there is little information on how socio-economic inequalities are evolving over time. We aimed to assess socio-economic inequalities in stunting prevalence over time.DesignWe selected nationally representative surveys carried out since the mid-1990s for which information was available on asset indices and on child anthropometry. We identified twenty-five countries that had at least two surveys over an interval of 10 years or more, totalling eighty-seven surveys. Stunting prevalence was calculated according to wealth quintiles. Absolute and relative inequalities were calculated and time trends were obtained by regression.SettingNationally representative household surveys from twenty-five low- and middle-income countries.SubjectsChildren <5 years of age.ResultsNational prevalence declined significantly in twenty-two of the twenty-five countries. In eighteen out of twenty-five countries, relative reductions were higher among the rich than among the poor. Overall, there was no indication that inequalities improved. Striking examples are Nepal, with a 17·0 percentage points decline in stunting per decade, but where inequalities increased sharply; and Brazil, where stunting fell by 6·7 percentage points and inequalities were all but eliminated.ConclusionsGlobal progress in reducing stunting has not been accompanied by improved equity, but countries varied markedly in how successful they were in reducing prevalence among the poorest children. It is important to document how some countries were able to reduce inequalities, so that these lessons can be used to foster global progress, particularly in light of the increased importance of within-country inequalities in the post-2015 agenda.

scholarly journals Responsiveness and Unelected Leaders: Lessons from the Catholic Church

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Organizational Trust ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Survey Experiments ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Samples ◽  
Over Time

Are leaders responsive to their members’ preferences over time, even when formal accountability mechanisms such as elections are weak or absent? Unelected leaders, especially religious leaders, typically influence their supporters’ preferences, yet I suggest they should also have strong incentives to be responsive because they rely on dedicated, core members for legitimacy, volunteerism, and financial support. I test this argument by first analyzing over 10,000 papal messages to confirm the papacy is responsive to Catholic public opinion. I then conduct survey experiments using nationally representative samples of Catholics in Brazil and Mexico (N=5,006) to show that members increase their organizational trust and participation as a function of their existing organizational commitment, and the anticipated cost of support. The evidence suggests that leaders have incentives to be responsive besides elections, although there may be limits to the benefits that members provide in return.

Cannabis use in Switzerland: The role of attribution of drug use to friends, urbanization and repression 1The study was supported by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (Bundesamt für Gesundheit BAG) Grant 316.96.5980.

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Model ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Hbsc Study ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Individual Use

Cannabis use does not show homogeneous patterns in a country. In particular, urbanization appears to influence prevalence rates, with higher rates in urban areas. A hierarchical linear model (HLM) was employed to analyze these structural influences on individuals in Switzerland. Data for this analysis were taken from the Switzerland survey of Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study, the most recent survey to assess drug use in a nationally representative sample of 3473 15-year-olds. A total of 1487 male and 1620 female students indicated their cannabis use and their attributions of drug use to friends. As second level variables we included address density in the 26 Swiss Cantons as an indicator of urbanization and officially recorded offences of cannabis use in the Cantons as an indicator of repressive policy. Attribution of drug use to friends is highly correlated with cannabis use. The correlation is even more pronounced in urban Cantons. However, no association between recorded offences and cannabis use was found. The results suggest that structural variables influence individuals. Living in an urban area effects the attribution of drug use to friends. On the other hand repressive policy does not affect individual use.

Personality change and environmental concerns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher James Hopwood ◽  
Ted Schwaba ◽  
Wiebke Bleidorn
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
German Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sustainable Behavior ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Personal concerns about climate change and the environment are a powerful motivator of sustainable behavior. People’s level of concern varies as a function of a variety of social and individual factors. Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact concerns about the environment over time. We found that environmental concerns increased modestly from 2009-2017 in the German population. However, individuals in middle adulthood tended to be more concerned and showed more consistent increases in concern over time than younger or older people. Consistent with previous research, Big Five personality traits were correlated with environmental concerns. We present novel evidence that increases in concern were related to increases in the personality traits neuroticism and openness to experience. Indeed, changes in openness explained roughly 50% of the variance in changes in environmental concerns. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the individual level factors associated with changes in environmental concerns over time, towards the promotion of more sustainable behavior at the individual level.

scholarly journals Time trends of socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking in Okinawa, Japan, 2008–2016: a repeated cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Takakura ◽  
Masaya Miyagi ◽  
Akira Kyan
Keyword(s):  
Time Trends ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
School Type ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Japanese Adolescents ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Smoking among Japanese adolescents has decreased noticeably. However, little is known whether the decreasing trend in adolescent smoking can be seen across all socioeconomic status (SES) groups. This study aimed to examine trends in socioeconomic inequalities in smoking among Japanese adolescents between 2008 and 2016. Methods We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study using data from three surveys of high school students in Okinawa, Japan, in 2008, 2012, and 2016. The study participants consisted of 7902 students in grades 10 through 12 (15–18 years). Smoking was assessed as current cigarette use. SES indicators included familial SES (parental education and family structure) and student’s own SES (school type). To evaluate absolute and relative inequalities, prevalence differences (PDs) and ratios (PRs) between low and high SES groups were estimated. The slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were also calculated. Results Smoking prevalence among boys and girls significantly declined from 11.5% and 6.2% in 2008 to 4.7% and 1.9% in 2016, respectively. Similar decreasing trends in smoking were found among most of the SES groups. The PDs and SII for parental education in boys and family structure in girls decreased over time while those for school type persisted among boys and girls. The PRs and RII for school type in boys increased while those for other SES indicators among both sexes remained stable over time. Conclusions Smoking among Japanese adolescents has been declining and time trends of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking varied by absolute and relative measures. Further policies and/or interventions to reduce smoking inequalities should focus on the context of schools, especially in vocational high schools.

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