The Urinary Excretion of Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, and 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids in Mental Illness

1965 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Lovegrove ◽  
E. V. Metcalfe ◽  
G. E. Hobbs ◽  
J. A. F. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Similar Increase ◽  
Catecholamine Excretion ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Hormone Excretion

The 24-hour excretions of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and 17-hydroxycortico-steroids were measured in normals and in a) acute and b) chronic schizophrenics, (c) non-schizophrenic psychotics, d) psychoneurotic disorders, and e) a miscellaneous group composed primarily of personality disorders. Some patients were studied over a period of time and the changes in hormone excretion and in clinical conditions compared. On comparison between groups, no difference was found in adrenaline and noradrenaline output. Similarly, when the patients were grouped by dominant emotional reaction at the time of test, no significant differences were observed. The acute schizophrenics, however, did show a greater output of free corticoids, but not of total corticoids compared to the normals. When the same patients were studied over a period of time, there appeared to be a relationship between catecholamine excretion and emotional tension and/or stages of illness. Depressed patients showed a decreased adrenaline and noradrenaline output on admission to hospital but only that of adrenaline was significant. Both adrenaline and noradrenaline showed a marked, but not significant decrease in acute schizophrenics after recovery. In the chronic schizophrenics, there was, after four months of withdrawal of tranquillizers, a significant rise in the output of both; the total and free corticoids showed a similar increase which, however, was not significant. Although no significant differences in hormone excretion were observed among the groups studied, other than increased excretion of free corticoids in the acute schizophrenics, the longitudinal studies in several groups suggest significant correlations may occur between changes in clinical condition and/or emotional state and the excretion of some of the hormones measured.

URINARY CATECHOLAMINE EXCRETION BY HEALTHY CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-257
Author(s):  
Mary L. Voorhess
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Urinary Catecholamine ◽  
Catecholamine Excretion ◽  
Daily Output ◽  
The Mean

There is increase in the daily urinary excretion of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) with age. The mean output in micrograms per 24 hours for various age groups is as follows: birth to 1 year-DA 60.9 (± 24.3), NE 10.6 (± 3.4), E 1.3 (± 1.2), VMA 569 (± 309); 1 through 5 years—DA 124.1 (± 40.7), NE (18.8 ± 7.0), E 3.2 (± 2.7), VMA 1348 (± 433); 6 through 15 years—DA 169.3 (± 72.6), NE 37.4 (± 16.6), E 4.8 (± 2.4), VMA 2373 (± 698); over 15 years—DA 249.1 (± 74.9), NE 50.7 (± 15.7), E 7.1 (± 3.3), VMA 3192 (± 699). The studies suggest that the daily output of these compounds in the various age groups is similar when related to body surface area after infancy.

The Architecture and Early Findings of a Working SMS-Based System for Individuals with Mild to Moderate Depression

2013 ◽  
pp. 20-32
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. LaRue ◽  
Hassan A. Karimi ◽  
Ann M. Mitchell ◽  
Joy Y. Zang
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
The Individual

Depression is one of the leading mental health disorders in the world. With an exponential rate of growth, the disease will soon surpass the ability of health care professionals to monitor and treat individuals. The use of mobile technologies offers new insights into disease progression, real-time emotional reaction data collection, and care in vivo. This chapter describes the architecture of a software system that continuously monitors an individual’s emotional state through SMS and responds to the individual with supportive text messages. Along with early findings from the working system, the development of the emotional state queries and responses is described.

Pituitary and Adrenal Function in Undernutrition with Mental Illness

1963 ◽  
Vol 109 (461) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Marks ◽  
R. G. Bannister
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Pituitary Function ◽  
Prolonged Starvation

Urinary excretion of adrenal metabolites, especially neutral 17-ketosteroids, is often low in patients with anorexia nervosa (Escamilla, 1949; Bliss and Branch, 1960). This has been taken (Emanuel, 1956; Greenblatt et al., 1951) to provide evidence of adreno-cortical insufficiency secondary to defective pituitary function (Sheldon, 1939; Perloff et al., 1954). According to Perloff et al. (1954) “prolonged starvation may result in functional hypopituitarism, whose differentiation from the syndrome of hypopituitary cachexia due to structural impairment of the anterior pituitary gland is at times extremely difficult, even when the accepted tests for endocrine adequacy are performed”.

scholarly journals Association Between Urinary Catecholamine Excretion and Urine Volume

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (08) ◽  
pp. 531-538
Author(s):  
Michael Haap ◽  
Friedemann Blaschka ◽  
Rainer Lehmann ◽  
Annika Hoyer ◽  
Karsten Müssig
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Secondary Hypertension ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Urinary Catecholamine ◽  
Catecholamine Excretion ◽  
Urine Examination ◽  
Urinary Dopamine

AbstractSeveral confounders must be considered in the evaluation of urinary catecholamine excretion. However, literature is contradictory about potential confounders. The aim of the present study was to assess correlations between catecholamine excretion and anthropometric or clinical parameters with special attention to urine volume. A total of 967 24-h urinary catecholamine measurements were performed in 593 patients for diagnostic purposes. The indication for urine examination was suspicion of secondary hypertension, phaeochromocytoma, or paraganglioma. From the patients examined, 57% were females and 43% were males. The patients’ age ranged between 15 and 87 years with a median [Q1; Q3] of 51 [39; 62] years. Seventy-eight percent of the patients suffered from hypertension. Seventy percent of patients took one or more antihypertensive drugs. The most commonly used drugs were ACE inhibitors (43%), while α-blockers (15%) were the least used drugs. Urinary excretion was between 500 and 11 950 ml/24 h with a median of 2200 [1600; 2685] ml/24 h. The median body mass index (BMI) was 26.7 [24.0; 30.4] kg/m2. The excretion of all catecholamines was greater in men than in women (all p<0.0001). Epinephrine (p=0.0026), dopamine (p<0.0001), and metanephrine (p=0.0106) excretion decreased with age. BMI was associated with urinary excretion of dopamine (p<0.0001), norepinephrine (p=0.0026), normetanephrine (p<0.0001), and homovanillylmandelic acid (HVMA; p=0.0251). Urine volume correlated with urinary dopamine (p=0.0127), metanephrine (p<0.0001), normetanephrine (p=0.0070), and HVMA (p<0.0028) excretion. In addition to the established associations between urinary catecholamine excretion and age, gender, and BMI in the present study, urinary catecholamine excretion correlated also with urine volume.

The Urinary Excretion of Catecholamines and Their Derivatives in Primary Hypertension in Man

1977 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Bing ◽  
J. Harlow ◽  
A. J. Smith ◽  
M. M. Townshend
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Catecholamine Excretion ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations

1. The 24 h urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, normetadrenaline, metadrenaline and vanilloylmandelic acid has been compared in 17 male normotensive subjects and 25 age-matched male hypertensive patients studied under similar in-patient conditions. 2. 24 h urinary metadrenaline was significantly lower in the hypertensive patients. With this exception, no significant differences were found between the two groups when the total 24 h excretion of free catecholamines and their metabolites was analysed. 3. Diurnal variation in free catecholamine excretion was found in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. There was no corresponding variation in metabolite excretion. 4. No correlation could be established between systolic or diastolic blood pressure and the amounts of the catecholamines or their metabolites in the urine of either group. 5. The results are considered in the light of recent work demonstrating high plasma catecholamine concentrations in hypertension. They lend no support to the concept that excessive circulating catecholamines are responsible for the elevated blood pressure in essential hypertension.

scholarly journals “Going Easily Under”: Waguih Ghali’s Diary of Depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 159-179
Author(s):  
Zainab Magdy
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
American University ◽  
Online Archive ◽  
Suicide Note ◽  
American University In Cairo ◽  
The Relationship

Egyptian Anglophone writer Waguih Ghali (192? – 1969) has been mostly known for his novel Beer in the Snooker Club (London: Serpent's Tale, 1987) up until his diaries appeared in an online archive dedicated solely to his unpublished papers. A few years ago, the American University in Cairo published Ghali’s diaries into two volumes under the title The Diaries of Waguih Ghali: An Egyptian Writer in the Swinging Sixties (Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2016, 2017). They were released to readers and fans, playing the role of a long awaited second work and also satisfying the general curiosity around his life before his suicide in the late sixties. In May 1964, Ghali started keeping his diary as an attempt to deal with his depression which culminated in his final entry being his suicide note: the trajectory Ghali’s diary takes is that of ‘feeling bad’. Ghali struggles with bouts of depression and although is unable to write more fiction, continues to write about his almost daily battle with mental illness in the practice of keeping the diary. His diaries reveal various emotions that stem out of his depression: sadness, disgust, anger, loneliness, and heartbreak. This paper will trace the affective outpourings of Ghali’s depression within the genre structure of the diary taking into consideration that his diary is not only a diary of depression but also of exile. The paper will attempt to understand how exile as a state of being affects Ghali’s emotional state. Moreover, by connecting how Ghali writes about ‘feeling bad’ in the form of a diary, the paper questions the relationship between his practice as a diarist to his display of such feelings.

Refined carbohydrate increases blood pressure and catecholamine excretion in SHR and WKY

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (4) ◽  
pp. E381-E385 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Fournier ◽  
C. C. Chiueh ◽  
I. J. Kopin ◽  
J. J. Knapka ◽  
D. DiPette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Catecholamine Excretion ◽  
Wky Rats ◽  
Shr And Wky Rats

In spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats fed different diets, blood pressure (BP) increased significantly in both strains when the carbohydrate (CHO) source was from refined rather than from natural ingredients. This BP increase was observed whether sucrose, glucose, or starch was the principal CHO. Urinary excretion of norepinephrine, dopamine, and, to some extent, epinephrine also increased, while myocardial concentrations were unaffected. Despite a comparable elevation of catecholamine excretion in both SHR and WKY rats fed high amounts of refined CHO, the BP increases were greater in the former. The strain differences were explained by the known dissimilar response of their blood vessels to catecholamines. The results suggest that BP elevation after high CHO ingestion is mediated via increased catecholamine production and/or release, thus implying a neurogenic mechanism.

Plasma level, urinary excretion, and metabolic production of cGMP during gestation in rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (4) ◽  
pp. R847-R853 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Conrad ◽  
K. A. Vernier
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Smooth Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Cyclic Monophosphate ◽  
The Face

We postulated that guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), a cellular mediator of vascular smooth muscle relaxation, might mediate maternal renal and cardiovascular hemodynamic adaptation to pregnancy. Because extracellular levels of cGMP most likely reflect intracellular production, we began our investigation of this hypothesis by measuring the plasma concentration, urinary excretion, and metabolic clearance rates of cGMP during pregnancy in rats. Plasma cGMP was significantly elevated during mid- and late pregnancy, whereas urinary excretion of cGMP was increased throughout pregnancy. The fractional excretion of cGMP by the kidneys was 0.90 +/- 0.15 in the nonpregnant condition. In contrast, plasma levels of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate were unchanged during pregnancy, and its urinary excretion rose slightly, reaching significance only on gestational day 20. There was also a significant rise in urinary excretion of cGMP throughout pseudopregnancy. The metabolic clearance rate of cGMP measured in chronically instrumented rats before, during, and after pregnancy was not significantly altered during gestation. The elevated plasma level of cGMP during gestation in rats, in the face of an unchanged metabolic clearance, reflects augmented tissue(s) production of cGMP, although enhanced cellular efflux may contribute. Because cGMP is a second messenger for several vasodilatory hormones, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that vascular production of cGMP may increase during pregnancy and thereby contribute to maternal renal and cardiovascular vasodilation. (Most investigators have not observed increment of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in rat gestation; therefore this hormone is an unlikely first messenger for the elevated extracellular levels of cGMP that we have observed. Finally, pseudopregnant rats also showed enhanced urinary excretion of cGMP, which suggests that the proliferative activity that accompanies fetoplacental maturation, as well as hormones elaborated by the fetoplacental unit, is not necessary for the rise in urinary excretion of cGMP observed during pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Prevention of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia in non-human primates by Zn-protoporphyrin

1985 ◽  
Vol 226 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M K Qato ◽  
M D Maines
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Serum Bilirubin ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Biliverdin Reductase ◽  
Oxygenase Activity ◽  
Haem Oxygenase ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Cytochrome P 450 ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Dependent Processes

Non-human primates were used as a model of human neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and its chemotherapeutic suppression. High levels of haem oxygenase activity were detected in the liver and the spleen of neonatal rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca irus) monkeys. When 1-day-old neonatal animals were given a single injection of Zn-protoporphyrin (40 mumol/kg, subcutaneously), serum bilirubin levels declined to nearly normal adult levels within 24 h and remained suppressed throughout the postnatal period (12 days). This treatment inhibited the activities of haem oxygenase and biliverdin reductase in the liver and the spleen, without affecting that of the brain. Zn-protoporphyrin treatment did not alter the activity of brain biliverdin reductase or increase brain bilirubin levels. The biological disposition of Zn-protoporphyrin was examined by measuring the biliary and urinary excretion of the metalloporphyrin complex, as well as its uptake and deposition in blood cells and tissues. Biliary excretion of the metalloporphyrin was minimal (0.12% over a 28 h period), and no evidence was detected for the urinary excretion of Zn-protoporphyrin. However, the concentration of metalloporphyrin in erythrocytes increased over the duration of the experiment (11 days) to such an extent that 46% of the administered compound was taken up by the cells. It appeared that the molecular basis for the sustained suppression of haem oxygenase activity and bilirubin production by Zn-protoporphyrin involved the release of the metalloporphyrin in the normal process of the degradation of fetal erythrocytes. The scope of the biological activity of Zn-protoporphyrin to alter haem-dependent processes appeared limited in nature, insofar as the microsomal contents of cytochrome P-450 and b5, as well as the aniline hydroxylase, were similar to those of the control animals. Also, the concentration of glutathione in the liver was unchanged. These findings suggest the potential usefulness of Zn-protoporphyrin in experimental and perhaps clinical conditions in which hyperbilirubinaemia occurs.

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