Sampling Method To Determine a Household Waste Composition Variance

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Leroy ◽  
J.-M. Giovannoni ◽  
L.-Y. Maystre
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Sorting Method ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Waste Composition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Practical Constraints

Knowledge of waste composition is of crucial importance for waste management forecasting. Composition is usually specified by average content of glass, paper, organic matter etc. In this paper a sorting method and its application to variance determination is described. A variation coefficient and a confidence interval are then calculated. From these two parameters an appreciation of the dispersion and the uncertainty associated with the mean values can be derived. In the case studied, the variation coefficients calculated were between 0.10 and 0.50 depending on the class of waste. Analysis of confidence intervals shows that reliability is good for low-abundance components such as, for example, aluminium, iron and plastics. The influence of practical constraints on the theoretical guidelines is also discussed.

scholarly journals Height difference between the vestibular and palatal walls and palatal width: a cone beam computed tomography approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. López-Jarana ◽  
C. M. Díaz-Castro ◽  
A. Falcão ◽  
C. Falcão ◽  
J. V. Ríos-Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Bone Thickness ◽  
Height Difference ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maxilla And Mandible ◽  
Palatal Bone ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to measure two parameters involved in tri-dimensional implant planning: the position of the buccal and palatal bone wall and the palatal thickness. Methods Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images (Planmeca ProMax 3D) of 403 teeth (208 upper teeth and 195 lower teeth) were obtained from 49 patients referred to the Dental School of Seville from January to December 2014. The height difference between the palatal and buccal walls was measured on the most coronal point of both walls. The thickness of the palatal wall was measured 2 mm from the most coronal point of the palatal wall. Results The mean values in the maxilla were 1.7 ± 0.9 mm for central and lateral incisors, 2.2 ± 1.7 mm for canines, 1.6 ± 0.9 mm for premolars and 1.9 ± 1.5 mm for molars. In the lower jaw, the mean values were 1.3 ± 0.8 mm for incisors, 1.7 ± 1.2 mm for canines, 2.3 ± 1.3 mm for premolars, and 2.6 ± 1.7 mm for molars. In the upper jaw, more than 55% of maxillary teeth (excluding second premolars and molars) presented mean height differences greater than 1 mm. In the mandible, more than 60% of incisors showed a buccal bone thickness of 1 mm from the apical to lingual aspect. All teeth except the second premolar presented a buccal wall located more than 1 mm more apically than the lingual bone wall. Conclusions The buccal bone wall is located more apically (greater than 1 mm) than the palatal or lingual table in most of the cases assessed. The thickness of the palatal or lingual table is also less than 2 mm in the maxilla and mandible, except in the upper canines and premolars and the lower molars.

scholarly journals Accuracy and precision in sampling hyporheic fauna

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1135-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
B G Fraser ◽  
D D Williams
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
River Bed ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Filtering Effect ◽  
Practical Constraints

A series of interstitial faunal samples was taken from a riffle in the Speed River, southern Ontario, Canada, to compare the field performance of four hyporheic samplers: the standpipe, colonization, and freeze corers and a pump sampler. Each of the samplers proved useful for collecting purely qualitative data, but statistical differences in some of the measured quantitative parameters were identified. The colonization corer significantly underestimated invertebrate density at each of the depths tested (20, 40, and 60 cm below the surface of the river bed). Taxonomic richness did not differ among the samplers. A sampling bias in the pump sampling method was identified in terms of both the proportion of insect larvae captured and the mean chironomid body size and is probably the result of a filtering effect of the interstices. Sampling precision estimates of density, richness, and organismal size ranged from 20 to 40%, but no pattern among the four samplers for any of the measures was observed. We conclude that, whereas the standpipe and freeze coring methods most effectively characterize the hyporheos, one of the other methods might prove acceptable under specific field circumstances or under certain practical constraints.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Anti-Coagulants on the Accuracy of Glycated Haemoglobin Results

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Frederick Igila Allison ◽  
Duru Ugochukwu Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sample ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Good Stability ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean

Background: Most manufacturers of glycated haemoglobin kits advocate for the use of EDTA bottles for sample collection. Other manufacturers even when using the same glycated haemoglobin assay method, advocate for the use of any of these anticoagulant: EDTA, heparin and fluoride oxalate as any of these anticoagulants for sample collection. Aim: This study was therefore designed to evaluate the effect of different anticoagulants on the accuracy of glycated haemoglobin value using the same method. Methods: Thirty subjects were selected by purposive sampling method and 2ml of blood was collected from each subject into sodium heparin, EDTA and fluoride oxalate bottles and stored for three days at 4ºC. Fifteen subjects’ samples were analysed daily for the next two days then all the samples were analysed on the third day. All samples were analysed using the boronate affinity chromatographic method by Clover. Results: The mean of the values of glycated haemoglobin of samples for each anticoagulants were about the same for the first, second and third day. The differences in the mean values for each anticoagulant were not statistically significant, indicating fairly good stability. Conclusion: From this study, it could be concluded that blood sample in EDTA, fluoride oxalate and heparin bottles can be used for glycated haemoglobin estimation without affecting the accuracy of the result. These samples in these containers were found to be stable for at least three days.

scholarly journals Training effect on performance of mediolateral episiotomies for obstetricians and midwives

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baihui Zhao ◽  
Yuan Chen ◽  
Fangfang Xi ◽  
Tian Dong ◽  
Yuqun Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Training Effect ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Mediolateral Episiotomy ◽  
Training History ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Special Paper ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Simulated Training

Abstract Background: Simulation as an extensive used method for obstetric education is usually practiced for beginners, here we offered a course with simulated practice of performing a mediolateral episiotomy (MLE) for obstetricians and midwives in different seniority, and to evaluate the training effect on their knowledge and accuracy of cutting a MLE before and after the course.Methods: 82 participants were recruited at three different obstetric centers, included 35 obstetricians and 47 midwives. More than 5 years obstetric work in their careers were deemed to senior ones, and there were 29 junior and 53 senior ones. A 30 minutes training course were given to all participants by one senior obstetrician. Special paper pads simulating perineum at crowning were used to cut MLE before and after the course, and a questionnaire about their occupation characteristics was given before the course. Three parameters of the MLE were analyzed and compared. Results: On performing MLE, midwives had more training history and conducted cases than obstetricians (p < 0.01). After the course, the mean values of three parameters were significantly increased from 31.46 mm in length, 48 degrees in angle and 9.09 mm in distance to 34.29 mm, 50.622 degrees and 10.82 mm respectively. In subgroups, obstetricians had angle degrees increased significantly (p =0.022), while midwives had the length and distance increased significantly (p=0.001, p=0.004). Senior participants had the length and distance of incisions increased significantly (P=0.008, P=0.020), the accuracy of these two parameters also improved significantly (P=0.002, P=0.034). In subgroups of midwives and seniors, the accuracy of the length and distance also improved significantly after the course.Conclusions: Obstetricians need more professional training about midwifery including episiotomy. Simulated training of this mode is suitable for obstetric education like performing MLE. The absence of senior obstetricians and midwives should be avoided in such medical education.

scholarly journals Identifikasi Kualitas Spermatozoa Sapi Kuantan Riau sebagai Pelestarian Plasma Nutfah Ternak Lokal

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Jiyato . ◽  
Pajri Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Normal Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan ingin mengetahui kualitas spermatozoa sapi kuantan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Benei Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi Provinsi Riau dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 15 ekor sapi kuantan jantan dewasa yang tersebar di Kecamatan Benai. Kualitas spermatozoa diamati melalui sperma yang diambil dari cauda epididimis. Sampel diambil dari tiga desa yaitu Desa Gunung Kesiangan, Desa Kalimanting dan Desa Banjar Lopak. Parameter penelitian ini yaitu pengamatan secara makroskopis meliputi pH, bau, warna dan pengamatan secara mikroskopis meliputi motilitas dan viabilitas. Data setiap pengamatan kualitas spermatozoa dianalisis dengan mencari nilai rata-rata dan standar deviasi dan diuraikan secara deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa sermatozoa sapi kuantan yang diamati dari cauda epididimis memiliki kualitas pH 6,13, bau amis (khas sperma), warna putih krem, motilitas 58%, dan viabilitas 76,67%. Motilitas spermatozoa yang terdapat pada cauda epididimis sapi kuantan dalam penelitian ini masih dalam batasan normal dan masih memenuhi syarat untuk digunakan sebagai semen cair untuk mendukung pelaksanaan inseminasi buatan.Kata kunci: cauda epididimis, plasma nutfah, sapi kuantan, spermatozoaABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the quality of spermatozoa of Kuantan Riau cattle. This research was conducted in Benai subdistrict of Kuantan Singingi regency, Riau by using purposive sampling method. The samples used in this study were 15 adult bulls scattered in Benai district. The quality of spermatozoa was observed through sperm taken from the cauda epididymis.The samples were taken from three villages; Gunung Kesiangan, Kalimanting, and Banjar Lopak village. The parameters in this study were macroscopic qualities including pH, odour, color, and microscopic qualities including motility and viability of spermatozoa. This result was analized descriptively. The data collected from each observation were then analyzed by measuring the mean values and standard deviation. The result of this study indicated that spermatozoa of kuantan cattle collected from cauda epididimis had a pH quality of 6.13, fishy smell (typical of sperm), creamy white color, 58% motility, and 76.67% viability. The motility of spermatozoa of Kuantan Riau cattle found in this study is within normal value and qualified for the requirements for use as liquid for artificial inseminaton.Keywords: cauda epididymis, kuantan cattle, sperm plasma, spermatozoa

Studies on Centrifugal Clutch of Frictional Lining Materials

2015 ◽  
Vol 642 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Tse Chang Li ◽  
Yu Wen Huang ◽  
Jen Fin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Frictional Torque ◽  
Sliding Velocity ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Maximum Contact ◽  
Static Torque

Using the Taguchi method, a 5-factorial, 3-level orthogonal array (L’18 (35)) was used as the experimental layout for 18 kinds of frictional lining specimen. These specimens were prepared in order to investigate their performance in establish a relationship between Ts/Td (Ts: static torque; Td: dynamic torque) and dμ/dνx (μ: friction coefficient; νx: relative velocity of frictional lining and clutch drum) parameters. The frictional torque and the rotational speeds of the driveline, clutch, and clutch drum as functions of contact time for 100 clutch cycles are experimentally obtained dμ/dνx and Ts/Td. In the study, a sharp rise in maximum contact pressure ratio occurred when the relative sliding velocity reached the critical velocity, Vc. This increase in maximum contact pressure ratio generally led to an increase of the (initially negative) dμ/dνx value. The mean values of dμ/dνx and Ts/Td for the clutching tests with 100 cycles can be roughly divided into three groups dependent on the fluctuation intensities of these two parameters, for each of which there is a linear relationship. The maximum contact pressure ratio significantly increases even increasing the mean value of dμ/dνx.

scholarly journals Training effect on performance of mediolateral episiotomies for obstetricians and midwifes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baihui Zhao ◽  
Yuan Chen ◽  
Fangfang Xi ◽  
Tian Dong ◽  
Yuqun Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Effect ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Training Course ◽  
Mediolateral Episiotomy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Special Paper ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract BackgroundTo evaluate the training effect among variant practitioners, accompany with their knowledge and accuracy of cutting a mediolateral episiotomy (MLE) before and after the training.Methods 82 participants were recruited at three different obstetric centers, included 35 obstetricians and 47 midwives. A 30 minutes training course were given to all participants by one senior obstetrician. Special paper pads simulating perineum at crowning were used to cut a MLE before and after the course, and a questionnaire about their occupation characteristics was given before the course. Parameters of the MLE were analyzed and compared between some subgroups before and after the course.Results After the course, the mean values of three parameters were significantly increased from 3.146 cm in length, 48 degrees in angle and 0.909 cm in distance to 3.429cm, 50.622degrees and 1.082cm respectively. And doctors had increased angle degrees significantly (P=0.022), while midwives had increased the length and distance significantly (p=0.001and p=0.004). Only senior participants had increased the length and distance of incisions significantly (P=0.010, P=0.020), the accuracy of these two parameters also improved significantly (P=0.020, P=0.031). In subgroups of midwives and seniors, the accuracy of the length and distance also showed significantly increased after the course.Conclusions Training course can improve the knowledge of MLE. The angle, length and distance of incisions all increased and the accuracy of the length and distance significantly improved after course, and the senior participants profited more from the training course.

Sampling method to determine a household waste composition variance

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D LEROY ◽  
J GIOVANNONI ◽  
L MAYSTRE
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Waste Composition

scholarly journals Lenke 1 and 5: changes in sagittal balance

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delson Valdemir Pessin ◽  
José Osni Bruggemann Neto ◽  
Carlos Henrique Maçaneiro ◽  
Ricardo Kiyoshi Miyamoto ◽  
Rodrigo Fetter Lauffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Sagittal Balance ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
T Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters

OBJECTIVE: To assess in a cross-sectional study whether there are changes in sagittal balance in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis Lenke types 1 and 5 compared with patients without pathology of the spine and compare the values of the parameters of normal subjects with the parameters found in the literature. METHODS: We measured the values of the parameters of sagittal balance of 21 patients with scoliosis and 14 patients without scoliosis in panoramic radiographs or simply collected data previously measured from the medical records. We compared the mean values of normal subjects, the mean values found in the literature, and the means between normal subjects and patients with scoliosis. For this, we used the Student t test. RESULTS: Using a confidence interval of 5% (p < 0.05) and the Student t test we obtained statistical significance in the comparison of two parameters of sagittal balance between normal subjects and patients with scoliosis. We observed similarities in the measurements of the average parameters of normal subjects with regard to the work already published. CONCLUSIONS: The adolescent idiopathic scoliosis causes changes in two parameters of sagittal balance with statistical significance but suggests changes in all other parameters. As for comparison with previously published work, the results were similar.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF SLOW SURYANAMASKAR AS AN EXERCISE PROTOCOL ON PULMONARY FUNCTIONS IN SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2924-2928
Author(s):  
Waqar M. Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Pulmonary Functions ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The World ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Yoga Practitioners

Suryanamaskar or Sun Salutation is a mostly practiced Yoga pose by most yoga practitioners all around the world. It consists of synchronizing body flow movements which alternatively contracts and stretches the body musculature, with continuous alteration of the Inhalation & Exhalation. Most of the Indians or ancient Yoga practitioners as well as various health professionals always keep advising for the practice of suryanamaskar. Previous literature has shown its effects on different systems of the body. Primarily the ethical approval was taken for the study to conduct from the ethical board. The consent from the parents of the school-going children was taken. The Purpose of the Research was explained to the children as well as the parent to improve the compliance towards study results. The study is conducted with 65 samples of school-going children with 4 weeks of intervention of slow Suryanamaskar practice. The purposive sampling method has been used to sort the samples as per the requirements. The whole study was conducted between 6 months of period. The finding of this study shows the significant improvement of the mean values of the Peak Expiratory Flow Rate at the end of the study duration. This study concludes that slow Suryanamaskar has a great impact on the improvement of pulmonary functions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document