The Informational Content of Cigarette Advertising: 1926–1986

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra Jones Ringold ◽  
John E. Calfee
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Informational Content ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
Cigarette Advertising ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Smoking And Health

A content analysis of 568 cigarette ads during 1926–86 found that most explicit claims (i.e., statements) are about health, construction, and taste. Consistent with theoretical predictions, and contrary to popular belief, health claims emphasized the negative health aspects of smoking, except when prevented by regulation. Moreover, emphasis in health claims corresponded to the dominant smoking-and-health fears of the time. Health-related claims came in two major waves, first in the late 1920s through the early 1950s, reaching a peak during the cancer scare of the early 1950s, and then again after 1966, when the FTC first allowed tar and nicotine claims, and later required tar and nicotine information and health warnings.

scholarly journals EL PARADIGMA STROOP EMOCIONAL EN EL ESTUDIO DEL PROCESAMIENTO COGNITIVO DE LA CONTRAPUBLICIDAD DEL TABACO

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
Cruz Pérez Lancho ◽  
Antonio Sánchez Cabaco ◽  
Sonia González Díaz ◽  
Luz María Fernández Mateos ◽  
Sarai Mata Gil
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Emotional Stroop ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Modified Stroop ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Stroop Paradigm ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Smoking And Health ◽  
Los Grupos

Abstract:THE EMOTIONAL STROOP PARADIGM IN THE STUDY OF TOBACCO COUNTERPUBLICITY COGNITIVE PROCESSINGThe aim of this work is to analyze the attentional and mnesic processing of words related to smoking and health using the emotional stroop paradigm and a bigram completing task. A modified stroop task consisting of three types of words: neutral, smoking related words and health related words extracted from health warnings messages presented in smoking publicity, was given to a sample integrated by smokers, non-smokers and former-smokers. The individuals performed then an implicit memory task. The results obtained indicated that the health related words are not preferentially attended by the smokers. However, they complete more bigrams with tobacco words than the other groups. The relevance of this memory bias in the context of smoking counterpublicity and of stop-smoking therapy is discussed.Keywords: emotional stroop paradigm, implicit memory, health warnings, smokers.Resumen:Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el procesamiento atencional y mnésico de palabras relacionadas con el tabaco y con la salud utilizando el paradigma stroop emocional y una tarea de completar bigramas. A una muestra formada por fumadores, no fumadores y exfumadores se administró una tarea stroop modificada compuesta por tres tipos de palabras: neutras, palabras relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco y palabras relacionadas con la salud, extraídas de los mensajes de advertencia sanitaria que aparecen en la publicidad del tabaco. Posteriormente se aplicó una prueba de memoria implícita. Los resultados mostraron que las palabras relacionadas con los riesgos del tabaco para la salud no son atendidas de forma preferente por los fumadores y sin embargo completan más bigramas con palabras tabaco que el resto de los grupos. Se discute la relevancia de este estudio en el ámbito de la contrapublicidad y en las terapias de deshabituación del tabaco.Palabras clave: paradigma stroop emocional, memoria implícita, advertencias sanitarias, fumadores.

Nutritional Marketing of Plant-Based Meat-Analogue Products: an exploratory study of front-of-pack and website claims in the USA

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lacy-Nichols ◽  
Libby Hattersley ◽  
Gyorgy Scrinis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Nutrition Claims ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Objective: To explore how some of the largest food companies involved in producing alternative proteins use health and nutrition claims to market their products. Design: We identified the largest food manufacturers, meat processors, and alternative protein companies selling plant-based alternative protein products in the United States. Using publicly available data, we analysed the voluntary health and nutrition claims made on front-of-pack labels and company webpages. We also analysed company websites for further nutrition and health-related statements about their products or alternative proteins more generally. Claim classification was guided by the INFORMAS (International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-Communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring, and Action Support) taxonomy for health-related food labelling. Setting: United States. Results: 1394 health and nutrition-related front-of-pack label (FOPL) claims were identified on 216 products, including 685 nutrition claims and 709 ´other health-related´ claims. No FOPL health claims were identified. Most nutrient claims were for nutrients associated with meat, with 94% of products carrying a protein claim and 30% carrying a cholesterol claim. 74% of products carried a GMO-free claim and 63% carried a plant-based claim. On their websites, some companies expanded on these claims or discussed the health benefits of specific ingredients. Conclusions: Companies involved in this category appear to be using nutritional marketing primarily to position their products in relation to meat. There is a focus on nutrient and ingredient claims, with discussion of processing largely avoided. The findings highlight the challenges companies face in positioning AP products as healthy against the backdrop of debates about ultra-processed foods.

scholarly journals The expanded prostate cancer index composite short form (EPIC-26) for measuring health-related quality of life: content analysis of patients’ spontaneous comments written in survey margins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Maija Talvitie ◽  
Hanna Ojala ◽  
Teuvo Tammela ◽  
Ilkka Pietilä
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Urinary Catheters ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

Abstract Introduction This study investigates comments that prostate cancer patients spontaneously write in the margins of the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Short Form (EPIC-26) questionnaire. We aim to show the possible barriers that patients face while answering the survey, and to consider how these barriers may affect the response data generated. We investigate the kind of information patients’ comments on EPIC-26 contain, and patients’ motivations to provide this information. We also study why some EPIC domains spark more comments than others. Method We analyzed 28 pages of transcribed comments and four pages of supplementary letters from our survey participants (n = 496). Using inductive content analysis, we generated 10 categories describing the content of participants’ comments, and four themes demonstrating their motives for commenting. The comments regarding each EPIC domain were quantified to discover any differences between domains. Results The sexual domain of EPIC-26 provoked over half of all comments. Patients without recent sexual activity or desire had difficulties answering sexual function questions 8–10. The lack of instructions on whether to take erectile aid use into account when answering erectile function questions led to a diversity of answering strategies. Patients with urinary catheters could not find suitable answer options for questions 1–4. All domains sparked comments containing additional information about experienced symptoms. Conclusion Patients are mainly willing to report their symptoms, but a lack of suitable answer options causes missing data and differing answering strategies in the sexual and urinary domains of EPIC-26, weakening the quality of the response data received.

scholarly journals Message framing in the context of the national menu-labelling policy: a comparison of public health and private industry interests

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 814-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel C Shelton ◽  
James Colgrove ◽  
Grace Lee ◽  
Michelle Truong ◽  
Gina M Wingood
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Message Framing ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Nutrition Labelling ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Usa

AbstractObjectiveWe conducted a content analysis of public comments to understand the key framing approaches used by private industryv. public health sector, with the goal of informing future public health messaging, framing and advocacy in the context of policy making.DesignComments to the proposed menu-labelling policy were extracted from Regulations.gov and analysed. A framing matrix was used to organize and code key devices and themes. Documents were analysed using content analysis with Dedoose software.SettingRecent national nutrition-labelling regulations in the USA provide a timely opportunity to understand message framing in relation to obesity prevention and policy.SubjectsWe examined a total of ninety-seven documents submitted on behalf of organizations (private industry,n64; public health,n33).ResultsPublic health focused on positive health consequences of the policy, used a social justice frame and supported its arguments with academic data. Industry was more critical of the policy; it used a market justice frame that emphasized minimal regulation, depicted its members as small, family-run businesses, and illustrated points with humanizing examples.ConclusionsPublic health framing should counter and consider engaging directly with non-health-related arguments made by industry. Public health should include more powerful framing devices to convey their messages, including metaphors and humanizing examples.

scholarly journals Claims on Ready-to-Eat Cereals: Are Those With Claims Healthier?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Parra-Murillo ◽  
Caitlin M. Lowery ◽  
Luis F. Gómez ◽  
Mercedes Mora-Plazas ◽  
Lindsey Smith Taillie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Advertising Law ◽  
Quality Of Products

Background: The use of advertising content strategies that suggest consuming a product will confer nutrient- and health-related benefits influences household food purchasing decisions, which increases consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor products. We examined the presence of marketing claims regarding nutrient content, health and nature in ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal packages in relation to the products' nutritional quality.Methods: A cross-sectional content analysis was conducted on 178 RTE cereal packages available in the six largest supermarket chains in four Colombian cities from August to November 2018. The nutritional quality of products was assessed through the nutrient profile model established by the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising law.Results: All products sampled exceeded the regulation threshold for at least one nutrient of concern (e.g., high-in calories and/or sugar). The majority (66.3%) of packages had claims related to nature, 57.3% had nutrient-content claims, and 15.7% had health benefit or risk avoidance claims. Most products with nature, nutrient-content, and health claims were high in energy (99.2, 98.0, and 92.9%, respectively) and sugar (88.1, 87.3, and 92.9%, respectively).Conclusion: RTE cereal products offered in major Colombian supermarket chains are heavily marketed using nutrition- and nature-related claims. Nearly all products with claims are high in energy and sugar, despite the messages conveyed by the claims to consumers. Results support the implementation of mandatory regulations restricting claims on food and beverage products high in nutrients of concern.

scholarly journals Declaration of nutrition information on and nutritional quality of Thai ready-to-eat packaged food products

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1409-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suladda Pongutta ◽  
Pitipa Chongwatpol ◽  
Parwin Tantayapirak ◽  
Stefanie Vandevijvere
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Nutrition Information ◽  
Nutrient Profile ◽  
Profile Model ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Packaged Foods ◽  
Packaged Food

AbstractObjectiveThe present study assessed the nutrition information displayed on ready-to-eat packaged foods and the nutritional quality of those food products in Thailand.DesignIn March 2015, the nutrition information panels and nutrition and health claims on ready-to-eat packaged foods were collected from the biggest store of each of the twelve major retailers, using protocols developed by the International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS). The Thai Nutrient Profile Model was used to classify food products according to their nutritional quality as ‘healthier’ or ‘less healthy’.ResultsIn total, information from 7205 food products was collected across five broad food categories. Out of those products, 5707 (79·2 %), 2536 (35·2 %) and 1487 (20·6 %) carried a nutrition facts panel, a Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) label and health-related claims, respectively. Only 4691 (65·1 %) and 2484 (34·5 %) of the products that displayed the nutrition facts or a GDA label, respectively, followed the guidelines of the Thai Food and Drug Administration. In total, 4689 products (65·1 %) could be classified according to the Thai Nutrient Profile Model, of which 432 products (9·2 %) were classified as healthier. Moreover, among the 1487 products carrying health-related claims, 1219 (82·0 %) were classified as less healthy. Allowing less healthy food products to carry claims could mislead consumers and result in overconsumption of ready-to-eat food products.ConclusionsThe findings suggest effective policies should be implemented to increase the relative availability of healthier ready-to-eat packaged foods, as well as to improve the provision of nutrition information on labels in Thailand.

Developing an educational website for women with endometriosis-associated dyspareunia: A usability and stigma analysis (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Fatawu Abdulai ◽  
A. Fuchsia Howard ◽  
Paul J Yong ◽  
Heather Noga ◽  
Gurkiran Parmar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Think Aloud ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Usability Problems ◽  
Sexual Pain ◽  
Usability Analysis ◽  
Health Related

BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a chronic condition that affects approximately 10% of women across the globe. Despite its wide prevalence, knowledge of endometriosis symptoms, such as pelvic pain, and treatments remains relatively low. This not only leads to a trivialization of symptoms and delayed diagnosis but fuels myths and misconceptions about pain symptoms. At the same time, the use of online platforms for information seeking is particularly common among people with conditions that are perceived as stigmatizing and difficult to discuss. The Sex, Pain, and Endometriosis Website is an educational resource designed to provide evidence-based information on endometriosis and sexual pain to help people understand the condition, feel empowered, dispel myths, and destigmatize endometriosis-associated sexual pain. OBJECTIVE The study objective was to evaluate the usability of the website and assess for destigmatizing properties of sexual health-related online resources. METHODS We conducted a usability analysis by employing a think-aloud observation, a post-systems usability questionnaire, and follow-up interviews with 12 women with endometriosis. The think-aloud data were analyzed using Kushniruk and Patel’s framework for analyzing usability video data, the questionnaire data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, and the follow-up interview was analyzed using simple content analysis. We also conducted a stigma assessment by analyzing the interview data deductively using a trauma-informed care framework and a content analysis approach. RESULTS Through usability analysis, we found the website to be simple, uncluttered, satisfying, and easy to use. However, 30 minor usability problems related to navigation, website response, comprehension of graphics icons and tabs, understanding content, and mismatch between the website and users' expectations were reported. In our stigma assessment, we found the web content to be non-stigmatizing. Participants suggested ways in which websites could be designed to address stigma including ensuring privacy, anonymity, inclusiveness, and factual and non-judgemental content, as well as providing opportunities for interactive engagement. CONCLUSIONS Overall, participants found the website to be useful, easy to use, and satisfying. The usability problems identified were largely minor and informed the website redesign process. In the context of the limited literature on stigma and website design, this paper offers useful strategies on how sexual health-related websites can be designed to be less stigmatizing and acceptable to individuals with sensitive health issues.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Graphic Health Warning Types on the Intention to Quit Smoking

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3267
Author(s):  
Hyejin Park ◽  
Min-Young Hong ◽  
In-Seon Lee ◽  
Younbyoung Chae
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Intention To Quit ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Positive Effect

Anti-smoking advertisements are widely used to demonstrate to smokers the harm of smoking, and graphic health warnings (GHWs) are expected to have a positive effect on the intention to quit smoking. This study investigated which type of GHW (health-related threat (H-GHW) vs. social threat (S-GHW)) is more effective. Two types of GHWs for tobacco were shown to 28 daily smokers and 25 non-smokers while measuring their eye movements using an eye tracker. The time spent fixating on the GHWs was measured as an index of attentional bias. Participants were also asked to evaluate the unpleasantness of the images. They stated their intention to quit smoking in response to each image in a separate session. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the effects of psychosocial factors on the intention to quit smoking in smokers and the intention to remain as non-smokers in the non-smokers. Both smokers and non-smokers reported greater unpleasantness and cessation intentions in response to H-GHWs than to S-GHWs. Non-smokers found both types of GHWs more unpleasant than smokers did. No differences were found in gaze fixation on GHWs between the two groups. When smokers viewed S-GHWs, the intention to quit smoking was greater as they felt more unpleasant. For non-smokers, the intention to remain non-smokers was greater when they felt more unpleasant and when the attention to H-GHWs was lower. Different psychological factors in anti-smoking advertisements are involved in the intention to quit smoking in smokers and to maintain a non-smoking status in non-smokers. Different approaches should be used according to the types of warning (e.g., warnings emphasizing a negative influence on others or on their own health) in anti-smoking campaigns.

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