General Toxicity and Reproductive Screen of Liquid Propellant Xm46 Administered in the Drinking Water of Sprague-Dawley Rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.R. Kinkead ◽  
R.E. Wolfe ◽  
S.A. Salins ◽  
C.D. Flemming ◽  
H.F. Leahy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Solid Propellants ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Liquid Propellant ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Liquid propellant XM46 is being considered as a replacement for solid propellants, both as part of a regenerative injection gun system and as a working fluid in an electrothermal gun system. The XM46 formulation contains hydroxylammonium nitrate, triethanolammonium nitrate, and water. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received XM46 in drinking water containing 2.0, 1.0, 0.2, or 0.0 g XM46/liter throughout a 90-day study. Mating occurred following 14 days of treatment. One-half the male rats per group were necropsied after 28 days of treatment; the remaining males and all dams were necropsied following 90 days of treatment. No mortality occurred in any of the parental animals during the study. The study did not demonstrate any adverse effects on reproduction or litter parameters. Hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia were common in both sexes of rats. Splenomegaly was found in both sexes; in male rats as early as 28 days. Exposures via drinking water containing XM46 for 90 days did not result in any decrease in reproductive performance in male or female rats, but it did result in clinical signs of hemolytic anemia at doses as low as 17 mg/kg/day.

A Subchronic Toxicity Study of Fyrol PCF in Sprague-Dawley Rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph I. Freudenthal ◽  
Richard T. Henrich
Keyword(s):  
Cholinesterase Activity ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Brain Cholinesterase ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Fyrol PCF is a flame retardant chemical widely used to control the flam mability of rigid polyurethane foams and polyester foam systems. It has moderate acute toxicity and was shown to lack mu-tagenic activity. The present study was conducted to determine the toxicity of Fyrol PCF after repeated dietary exposure. Five groups, each consisting of 20 male and 20 female Sprague-Dawley rats, a diet containing either 0, 800, 2500, 7500, or 20,000 ppm Fyrol PCF for 90 days. Data collected include clinical observations, food consumption, body weights, organ weights, urinalysis, hematology, clinical chemistry, brain cholinesterase activity, and gross and microscopic pathology. The mean body weight of animals receiving 20,000 ppm was significantly lower than control values for most study weeks. No clinical signs were noted during cage-side observations. Liver weights were increased in male rats in all treatment groups, and in female rats in both the mid-and high-dose groups. No treatment-related histopathologic changes were observed in the livers of animals that 800, 2500, or 7500 ppm Fyrol PCF; however very mild periportal hepato-cellular swelling was seen in certain of the 20,000 ppm animals. Mean kidney weights were significantly greater in the male animals given 2500, 7500, and 20,000 ppm. Very mild cortical tubular degenerative changes were found in kidneys of male rats that 7500 ppm or 20,000 ppm and in female animals that ingested 20,000 ppm Fyrol PCF. An increase in the incidence of very mild thyroid follicular changes was found in the two highest dose groups. Fyrol PCF did not affect hematology or clinical chemistry parameters, nor did it significantly inhibit brain cholinesterase activity. None of the observed minimal treatment-related changes appear to have human relevance, because they occurred only at the highest doses used in the study. The no observable effect level in this study is 2500 ppm. Fyrol PCF demonstrated low subchronic toxicity in this study.

Sexual dimorphism in vasopressin-induced contraction of rat aorta

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. H453-H458 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Stallone ◽  
J. T. Crofton ◽  
L. Share
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Rat Aorta ◽  
Isometric Tension ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Tension Development ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Previously, we reported that, in the rat, pressor responsiveness to vasopressin (VP) is higher in males than in females during most phases of the estrous cycle. To explore the role of the vasculature in this phenomenon, we examined vascular reactivity to VP in thoracic aortas of male rats and female rats during each phase of the estrous cycle. Aortic rings were prepared from age-matched male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and mounted for isometric tension recording. Maximal response of female aortas to VP (4,246 +/- 163 mg/mg ring dry wt) was more than twice (P less than 0.001) that of male aortas (1,877 +/- 215 mg/mg ring wt). Sensitivity of female aortas to VP was substantially higher (P less than 0.001) than that of male aortas (EC50: 10.9 +/- 0.7 vs. 19.0 +/- 1.6 nM, respectively). Maximal rate of tension development (dT/dtmax) during contraction with VP was nearly twofold higher (P less than 0.01) in female aortas (536 +/- 23 mg/min) than in male aortas (300 +/- 19 mg/min). Maximal response, sensitivity, and dT/dtmax of female aortas did not vary significantly during the estrous cycle. Maximal response of female aortas to phenylephrine (PE; 1,251 +/- 93 mg/mg ring wt) was half that (P less than 0.001) of male aortas (2,546 +/- 194 mg/mg ring wt); sensitivity to PE did not differ significantly (EC50: 0.33 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.38 +/- 0.06 microM, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Studies of the Toxicological Potential of Capsinoids: VIII. A 13-Week Toxicity Study of Commercial-Grade Dihydrocapsiate in Rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 101-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Watanabe ◽  
Terutaka Kodama ◽  
Takeshi Masuyama ◽  
Shoji Tsubuku ◽  
Akira Otabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Organ Weights

Dihydrocapsiate, (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl 8-methylnonanoate; CAS No. 205687-03-2) is a naturally occurring capsinoid compound found in nonpungent chili peppers. Although the safety of synthetically produced dihydrocapsiate has been previously evaluated, the purpose of this 13-week gavage toxicity study is to evaluate dihydrocapsiate produced with a slightly modified manufacturing process. Sprague-Dawley rats, 10 rats/sex/group, 6 weeks of age at study initiation, were administered the dihydrocapsiate daily by gavage at dose levels of 0 (vehicle), 100,300, or 1000 mg/kg/day. The rats were observed for antimortem and postmortem signs of toxicity, including changes in clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, water intake, ophthalmology, clinical pathology (clinical chemistry, hematology, urinalysis), tissue findings (macroscopic and microscopic examination), as well as organ weights. There were no changes observed in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, water intake, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, or blood chemistry that were attributable to the administration of dihydrocapsiate. The only change observed attributable to the dihydrocapsiate administration involved the liver and that change occurred only at the high dose (1000 mg/kg). Both sexes had an increase in organ weights, but this increase correlated with a change in histopathology (i.e., hepatocyte hypertrophy) only in the males. No dihydrocapsiate-related histopathological changes were observed in males at doses ≤300 mg/kg or in females at any of the doses tested (≤1000 mg/kg). It was concluded that the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of dihydrocapsiate was 300 mg/kg/day for male rats and 1000 mg/kg/day for female rats in this 13 week gavage study.

scholarly journals Some nutritional properties of unrefined sugar and its promotion of the survival of new-born rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eisa Omer Ahmed ◽  
Yudkin John
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Brown Sugar ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

1. The claims that rats fed on diets with ‘brown sugar’ (unrefined muscovado) perform better in a number of ways than do rats fed on refined white sugar (sucrose) have been examined.2. Male Wistar rats were fed on purified diets from weaning, in which the carbohydrate component was either maize starch or unrefined sugar or sucrose. The sugars produced no differences in growth rate, body composition, or the weights of liver or kidneys. Compared with sucrose, unrefined sugar produced an increase in blood cholesterol and in the activity of hepatic fatty acid synthetase, and a greater increase in blood triglyceride. In confirmation of earlier results, rats fed on either sugar had heavier livers and kidneys, increased activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and a higher concentration of plasma triglyceride compared with rats fed on maize starch.3. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on the same three diets as the male rats, and mated when they weighed about 200 g. No difference was seen in their ability to mate, the progress of pregnancies, or the sizes of the litters. Does fed on unrefined sugar produced litters of higher viability than did does fed on starch or sucrose. Survival was between 85 and 100% with unrefined sugar and between 30 and 75% with starch or sucrose.4. Unrefined muscovado sugar has thus been shown to contain a factor required by female rats for the proper viability of their pups. This may be the same ‘Reproductive Factor R’ as that described by Wiesner & Yudkin (1951). In certain circumstances, unrefined muscovado sugar might therefore contribute to the nutritional value of a human diet, although in what circumstances, in what respect and to what extent it might do so, is by no means clear.

scholarly journals Intraperitoneal Alfaxalone and Alfaxalone–Dexmedetomidine Anesthesia in Sprague–Dawley Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-538
Author(s):  
Sylvia E West ◽  
Jonathan C Lee ◽  
Tinika N Johns ◽  
Elizabeth A Nunamaker
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Withdrawal Reflex ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Laboratory Rodent ◽  
Physiologic Parameters

Due to their unpredictability and variable effects, injectable anesthetic regimens in laboratory rodent species warrant refinement. In our study we sought to evaluate alfaxalone, which has gained recent popularity in veterinary medicine, alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine to evaluate their anesthetic ability in Sprague–Dawley rats when administered intraperitoneally. Three doses of alfaxalone only and 4 dose combinations of alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine were tested in males and female rats. The time to induction, anesthetic duration, pulse rate, respiratory rate, temperature, and time to recovery were recorded by a blind observer. The level of anesthesia induced by the various anesthetic protocols was assessed by using pedal withdrawal reflex to a noxious stimulus and scored according to the response. Dependent on the treatment group, atipamezole or saline was administered intraperitoneally once animals reached 60 min of anesthesia. Regardless of the dose, alfaxalone alone achieved only a sedative level of anesthesia, whereas all alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine combinations led to a surgical level of anesthesia in all animals. Anesthesia regimens using alfaxalone alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine demonstrated sex-associated differences, with female rats maintaining longer durations of sedation or anesthesia than their male counterparts. Both male and female rats displayed decreases in physiologic parameters consistent with the effects of dexmedetomidine. Given the results described herein, we recommend 20 mg/kg alfaxalone for sedation and 30 mg/kg alfaxalone combined with 0.05 mg/kg dexmedetomidine for surgical anesthesia in female rats. Appropriate doses of alfaxalone only and alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine for male rats were not determined in this study and need further evaluation.

scholarly journals 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Enhances Cue-Conditioned Alcohol Reinstatement in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Hogarth ◽  
Elvan Djouma ◽  
Maarten van den Buuse
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Progressive Ratio ◽  
Ethanol Exposure ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Bdnf Expression ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a detrimental disease that develops through chronic ethanol exposure. Reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression has been associated with AUD and alcohol addiction, however the effects of activation of BDNF signalling in the brain on voluntary alcohol intake reinstatement and relapse are unknown. We therefore trained male and female Sprague Dawley rats in operant chambers to self-administer a 10% ethanol solution. Following baseline acquisition and progressive ratio (PR) analysis, rats were split into drug and vehicle groups during alcohol lever extinction. The animals received two weeks of daily IP injection of either the BDNF receptor, TrkB, agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), or vehicle. During acquisition of alcohol self-administration, males had significantly higher absolute numbers of alcohol-paired lever presses and a higher PR breakpoint. However, after adjusting for body weight, the amount of ethanol was not different between the sexes and the PR breakpoint was higher in females than males. Following extinction, alcohol-primed reinstatement in male rats was not altered by pretreatment with 7,8-DHF when adjusted for body weight. In contrast, in female rats, the weight-adjusted potential amount of ethanol, but not absolute numbers of active lever presses, was significantly enhanced by 7,8-DHF treatment during reinstatement. Analysis of spontaneous locomotor activity in automated photocell cages suggested that the effect of 7,8-DHF was not associated with hyperactivity. These results suggest that stimulation of the TrkB receptor may contribute to reward craving and relapse in AUD, particularly in females.

Abstract 386: Compound 21 Induces Natriuresis via Renal AT2 Receptor Activation in Male and Female Rats

Hypertension ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon A Kemp ◽  
Nancy L Howell ◽  
Robert M Carey
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Angiotensin Iii ◽  
Compound 21 ◽  
Renal Cortical Interstitium

Endogenous renal des-aspartyl 1 -angiotensin II (angiotensin III) activates renal proximal tubule AT 2 receptors (AT 2 Rs) and induces natriuresis via a nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signaling pathway. The present study explores the ability of highly selective non-peptide AT 2 R agonist Compound 21 (C21) to induce natriuresis. Sprague-Dawley rats (12 weeks old; male N=22; female N=18) were studied in the presence and absence of concurrent 24-h AT 1 R blockade with candesartan (CAND;0.01 mg/kg/min). Rats were anesthetized with Inactin 100 mg/kg i.p., uninephrectomized and instrumented for delivery of 3 cumulative 30-min i.v. infusions of C21 (100, 200, and 300 ng/kg/min) following a 30-min control infusion of vehicle. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured for all periods and urine Na + excretion rate (U Na V) was calculated for the control and final C21 collection periods. To determine whether the systemically induced natriuresis is mediated by renal AT 2 Rs, PD-123319 (PD), a specific AT 2 R antagonist, was infused directly into the renal cortical interstitium(20 μg/kg/min and 10 μg/kg/min for females and males, respectively) during the i.v. C21 infusions. In female rats, C21 increased U Na V from 1.5 ± 0.20 to 7.48 ± 0.95 μmol/min (P<0.0001). This response was abrogated by concurrent intrarenal PD infusion [control 0.74 ± 0.19 vs. C21 2.02 ± 0.50 μmol/min (P<0.001from C21 alone). Systemic CAND administration augmented the natriuretic response to C21 [control 1.29 ± 0.25 vs. C21 10.68 ± 0.70 μmol/min (P<0.05 from C21 alone)]. In male rats, C21 increased U Na V from 0.46 ±0.08 to 6.21 ± 1.33 μmol/min (P<0.01). This response was blocked by concurrent intrarenal PD infusion [control 0.39 ± 0.11 vs. C21 1.69 ± 0.53 μmol/min (P<0.05 from C21 alone). Systemic CAND did not significantly alter the natriuretic response to C21 alone [control 0.49 ± 0.15 vs. C21 7.67 ± 0.72 μmol/min (P = NS from C21 alone). In female rats, CAND augmented the natriuretic response to C21 over that of male rats (P<0.01). Systemic arterial pressures were decreased by CAND in both male and female rats but were unchanged by C21 alone or together with intrarenal PD. C21 induces natriuresis via renal AT 2 R activation in both male and female rats. These data suggest the potential for AT 2 R agonist therapy in hypertension.

Effects of endocrine disruptor furan on reproductive physiology of Sprague Dawley rats: An F1 Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study (EOGRTS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1079-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Rehman ◽  
S Jahan ◽  
I Ullah ◽  
P-O Thörnqvist ◽  
M Jabbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Estrous Cyclicity ◽  
F1 Generation

The present study investigated the reproductive toxicity of furan in an Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study in rats. Sprague Dawley F0 weaning rats (30 per sex per group) were exposed to furan orally at 0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg kg−1 for 10 weeks (males) and 2 weeks (females) and then mated. Results of F0 indicated that in the furan-treated groups (5 mg kg−1 and 10 mg kg−1), body weight (bw) gain decreased during prebreed and gestational period while increased during lactation periods. F0 animals prebreeding exposure resulted in head tilt and foot splay at 10 mg kg−1. Number of live pups at birth were decreased ( p < 0.001) at 10 mg kg−1. At postnatal day (PND) 70, a significant ( p = 0.03) decrease in testosterone levels of male rats and estrogen levels of female rats ( p = 0.05) was observed in 10 mg kg−1 furan-treated group in F1 generation. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and progesterone levels were also reduced, but their reduction was not statistically significant in all groups. In higher dose furan group (10 mg kg−1), testicular and ovarian weights were reduced in F1 generation at PND 70, with decreased daily sperm production ( p = 0.01) and disturbed estrous cyclicity ( p < 0.01). Some histopathological changes were also observed in testis and ovaries in groups whose parents were previously exposed to 10 mg kg−1 bw of furan group. Based on the above results, it is suggested that exposure to food-based contaminant furan induced remarkable changes in the F0 (parental stage) and F1 (offspring, pubertal, and adult stage) generations of Sprague Dawley rats.

Toxic Peripheral Neuropathy with Demyelination in Sprague-Dawley Rats Given CGS 21595 —A 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Gunson ◽  
P. S. Sahota ◽  
W. O. Iverson ◽  
R. Y. Chau ◽  
G. M. McCormick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Lipoxygenase Inhibitor ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were given CGS 21595, a pro-drug that is almost immediately metabolized to CGS 19213, a naphthoquinone that acts as a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. The compound was administered by gavage to five groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (group Nos. 1, 5, n = 30; group Nos. 2–4, n = 20) at daily doses of 0, 50, 150, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg for 13 weeks. Rats in the higher dose groups had a reduced weight gain, but significant neurologic signs were not observed. A peripheral neuropathy consisting predominantly of myelin destruction in the spinal nerve roots and sciatic nerves was seen in male rats treated with ≥ 150 mg/kg CGS 21595 and in female rats treated with ≥50 mg/kg CGS 21595 for 13 weeks. This lesion was not fully reversible after a recovery period of 4 weeks. Lesions consisted of ballooning of myelin sheaths, infiltration by macrophages, demyelination, and occasional areas of remyelination. Axons were generally preserved, and the brain and spinal cord were not affected. Male and female rats in all treatment groups had cytoplasmic hyaline droplets in the proximal renal tubules. This change was reversible after 4 weeks and was not associated with any other adverse effects on the kidney.

A Subchronic Toxicity Study of Phosflex 51B in Sprague-Dawley Rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph I. Freudenthal ◽  
David Brandwene ◽  
Welmoed Clous
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Microscopic Pathology

Phosflex 51B is a flame retardant plasticizer that is blended with polyvinyl chloride films to effectively control product flammability. Its composition places it in the butylated triphenyl phosphate category. Previous studies have shown Phosflex 51B to have low acute toxicity, to lack teratogenic and mutagenic activity, and to not induce delayed peripheral neuropathy. The present study was conducted to determine the toxicity of Phosflex 51B after repeated dietary exposure. Four groups, each consisting of 20 male and 20 female Sprague-Dawley rats, received rodent diet containing either 0, 100, 400, or 1600 ppm for 90 days. Parameters measured include body weight, food consumption, clinical observations, hematology, clinical chemistry, and cholinesterase activity. Tissues were examined at necropsy for gross changes and were processed for microscopic pathology. There were no significant treatment-related effects on body weights, food consumption, hematology and clinical chemistry, or cholinesterase values. A significant increase was observed in the absolute and relative mean weights of livers in high-dose male rats, the mean relative fiver weights of the high-dose female animals, the mean relative kidney weights of the high-dose male rats, and the mean absolute weights of the adrenal glands from high-dose female rats. Neither gross nor microscopic pathology examinations revealed tissue changes in these organs or in any other organs. Although increases in fiver, kidney, and adrenal weights were observed in certain animals in the 1600-ppm high-dose group, the administration of Phosflex 51B did not result in significant treatment-related adverse effects at dietary dose levels of 100 and 400 ppm. The no-observable-effect level (NOEL) in this study is 400 ppm.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document