ATSDR Evaluation of Health Effects of Chemicals. V. Xylenes: Health Effects, Toxicokinetics, Human Exposure, and Environmental Fate

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Fay ◽  
Carol Eisenmann ◽  
Sanjivani Diwan ◽  
Christopher De Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Environmental Fate ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Environmental Response ◽  
Disease Registry ◽  
The Public ◽  
Printing Ink

Xylenes, or dimethylbenzenes, are among the highest-volume chemicals in production. Common uses are for gasoline blending, as a solvent or component in a wide variety of products from paints to printing ink, and in the production of phthalates and polyester. They are often encountered as a mixture of the three dimethyl isomers, together with ethylbenzene. As part of its mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepares toxicological profiles on hazardous chemicals found at Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priorities List (NPL) sites that are of greatest concern for public health purposes. These profiles comprehensively summarize toxicological and environmental information. This article constitutes the release of the bulk of this profile (ATSDR, 1995) into the mainstream scientific literature. An extensive listing of known human and animal health effects, organized by route, duration, and end point, is presented. Toxicological information on toxicokinetics, biomarkers, interactions, sensitive subpopulations, reducing toxicity after exposure, and relevance to public health is also included. Environmental information encompasses physical properties, production and use, environmental fate, levels seen in the environment, analytical methods, and a listing of regulations. ATSDR, as mandated by CERCLA (or Superfund), prepares these profiles to inform and assist the public.

Atsdr Evaluation Of Health Effects Of Chemicals. Vi. Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate.

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 651-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Fay ◽  
Joyce Morrissey Donohue ◽  
Christopher De Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Environmental Response ◽  
Priority List ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (also known as DEHP, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, or BEHP; CAS Registry Number 117-81-7) is a widely-used plasticizer. It is found in numerous plastic articles, such as paints, inks, floor tiles, upholstery, shower curtains, footwear, plastic bags, food-packaging materials, toys, and medical tubing. Not surprisingly, DEHP appears at many waste sites. As part of its mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepares toxicological profiles on hazardous chemicals that are of greatest public health concern at Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priority List (NPL) sites. These profiles comprehensively summarize toxicological and environmental information. This article constitutes the release of the bulk of ATSDR's profile for DEHP (ATSDR, 1993) into the mainstream scientific literature. An extensive listing of human and animal health effects, organized by route, duration, and endpoint, is presented. Toxicological information on toxicokinetics, biomarkers, interactions, sensitive subpopulations, reducing toxicity after exposure, and relevance to public health is also included. Environmental information encompasses physical properties, production and use, environmental fate, levels seen in the environment, analytical methods, and a listing of regulations. ATSDR, at the behest of Congress and therefore the citizenry, prepares these profiles to inform the public about site contaminants.

ATSDR evaluation of the health effects of zinc and relevance to public health

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 423-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nickolette Roney ◽  
Mark Osier ◽  
Sari J. Paikoff ◽  
Cassandra V. Smith ◽  
Malcolm Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Environmental Response ◽  
Disease Registry ◽  
Toxicological Profile ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Industrial Health ◽  
Toxicokinetic Data

As part of its mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepares toxicological profiles on hazardous chemicals found at Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priorities List (NPL) sites, which have the greatest public health impact. These profiles comprehensively summarise toxicological and environmental information. This article constitutes the release of portions of the Toxicological Profile for Zinc. The primary purpose of this article is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of zinc. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations, and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2006; 22: 423-493.

Breast-feeding exposure of infants to selected pesticides: a public health viewpoint

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana R. Pohl ◽  
Carolyn A. Tylenda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Disease Registry ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Breast Fed

In this paper, we provide an overview of the public health implications of exposure to some pesticides via breast milk and provide health-based guidance. The presence of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk has been documented in many studies around the world. Included in our review are aldrin/dieldrin, chlordane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT)/1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), endrin, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). Toxicological and environmental data on these chemicals are compiled in toxicological profiles published by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Based on the data, ATSDR derives chemical-specific minimal risk levels (MRLs) that assist in evaluating public health risks associated with exposure. MRLs are health-based guidance values designed to protect the most sensitive populations, including breast-fed infants. We compare MRLs and projected intakes from the breast milk for the listed pesticides, explore the possibilities of toxicological interactions, and provide health-based recommendations.

scholarly journals Agro-Environmental Determinants of Leptospirosis: A Retrospective Spatiotemporal Analysis (2004−2014) in Mahasarakham Province (Thailand)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Jaruwan Viroj ◽  
Julien Claude ◽  
Claire Lajaunie ◽  
Julien Cappelle ◽  
Anamika Kritiyakan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Intersectoral Collaboration ◽  
The Public ◽  
Additive Modeling ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control ◽  
Northeastern Thailand

Leptospirosis has been recognized as a major public health concern in Thailand following dramatic outbreaks. We analyzed human leptospirosis incidence between 2004 and 2014 in Mahasarakham province, Northeastern Thailand, in order to identify the agronomical and environmental factors likely to explain incidence at the level of 133 sub-districts and 1,982 villages of the province. We performed general additive modeling (GAM) in order to take the spatial-temporal epidemiological dynamics into account. The results of GAM analyses showed that the average slope, population size, pig density, cow density and flood cover were significantly associated with leptospirosis occurrence in a district. Our results stress the importance of livestock favoring leptospirosis transmission to humans and suggest that prevention and control of leptospirosis need strong intersectoral collaboration between the public health, the livestock department and local communities. More specifically, such collaboration should integrate leptospirosis surveillance in both public and animal health for a better control of diseases in livestock while promoting public health prevention as encouraged by the One Health approach.

scholarly journals Tetrarhynchus erinaceus van Beneden. I. Structure of larva and adult worm

Parasitology ◽  
1911 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Adult Worm ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Public Markets ◽  
The Public ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
Peculiar Nature ◽  
Edible Fish

My attention was first directed to this Cestode in 1906 when I was asked to examine several specimens of edible fish which had been exposed for sale in the public markets and had been condemned as human food on account of the presence of obvious, intrusive bodies in the flesh. In three of these cases the muscles of the flesh of the fishes—a Halibut, a Megrim and a Hake—contained cysts which enclosed the larvae of a Tetrarhynchid, and on examination the latter was identified as T. erinaceus from the peculiar nature of the armature of the proboscides. In another case the wall of the stomach of a Halibut was also infected with the same larvae. Acting on an obsolete principle of Border Law the Fish Inspectors promptly condemned the fishes and then caused them to be examined. I do not think there was any valid reason for the condemnation of the articles of food, for I can find no reference in the literature to the presence of Tetrarhynchids in the human alimentary canal, and there does not appear to be any question of a possible communication of a parasite by the consumption, as food, of such infected flesh. Further the number of larvae present was far too few to lead to any emaciation of the fish, or to the likelihood of the production of toxic substances in the flesh of the animal. Nevertheless the Inspectors probably acted in the interests of the public health in condemning such articles of food as contained obvious cyst-like structures in the flesh, as to the precise nature of which they were ignorant, since there is always the possibility that these bodies might be detrimental to the health of those eating them.

Public Health and a President’s Racism

Pained ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 29-30
Author(s):  
Michael D. Stein ◽  
Sandro Galea
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
The Public ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

This chapter addresses how racism presents a clear threat to the health of populations. In 2018, President Donald Trump made racist comments toward countries with predominantly nonwhite populations. Why did the president’s racism matter for the health of the public? To answer this question, one needs to understand where health comes from. Health is the product of the social, economic, and cultural context in which people live. This context is also shaped by social norms that do much to determine people’s behaviors and their consequences. Changing these norms can produce both positive and negative health effects. On the positive side, changing norms can promote health, by making unacceptable unhealthy conditions and behaviors that were once common, even celebrated. On the negative side, changing norms for the worse can empower elements of hate in society. When a president promotes hate, it shifts norms, suggesting that hate does in fact have a place in the country and the world. This opens the door to more hate crimes, more exclusion of minority groups from salutary resources, and little to no effort to address racial health gaps.

scholarly journals Are heated tobacco products (HTPs) a public health opportunity?

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Roberta Costanzo ◽  
Gizelle Baker
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Related Population

Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are a new, rapidly emerging category of tobacco products that are designed to heat the tobacco instead of burning it, thus substantially reducing the emission of harmful chemicals. Currently there is a debate about whether HTPs provide an opportunity for public health, to accelerate the decline in cigarette smoking prevalence and thereby smoking-related population harm. To answer this question, HTPs have to be scientifically substantiated to reduce the harm to the individual smoker, but they also have to be satisfying for adult smokers to maximize the number of adult smokers who switch, while minimizing the number of youths and non-smokers who initiate or relapse to these products, as well as minimizing the number of smokers who intend to quit who may use those products instead. In this article we present the evidence showing that switching to the THS reduces the negative health effects that are triggered by chronic exposure to the toxic substances generated during tobacco combustion and that lead to disease, compared to continuing smoking.

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