scholarly journals Shared burdens: The General Average adjustment of the Jan Maria

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-343
Author(s):  
Sabine C P J Go
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Marine Insurance ◽  
Financial Innovations ◽  
Complex Procedure ◽  
General Average ◽  
The Baltic

The Jan Maria was a Dutch schooner that, in 1883, en route from the Baltic to its home port, was forced to jettison cargo during a fierce storm, which resulted in a General Average (GA) procedure. GA refers to a method that redistributes damages that were deliberately inflicted by the master, in order to save the ship and its cargo, among all those parties that benefited from the action. The report of this procedure of the Jan Maria has been preserved and is exceptional in its completeness. It offers a unique view on a complex procedure and also on the coping mechanisms of small-scale entrepreneurs in a volatile business environment. In this article, I will explain the principle and functioning of GA, and I will argue that, in spite of financial innovations like marine insurance, GA remained an important part of risk management.

scholarly journals Technical Note: A mobile sea-going mesocosm system – new opportunities for ocean change research

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1835-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Riebesell ◽  
J. Czerny ◽  
K. von Bröckel ◽  
T. Boxhammer ◽  
J. Büdenbender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycling ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Plankton Community ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Multiple Test ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
June July

Abstract. One of the great challenges in ocean change research is to understand and forecast the effects of environmental changes on pelagic communities and the associated impacts on biogeochemical cycling. Mesocosms, experimental enclosures designed to approximate natural conditions, and in which environmental factors can be manipulated and closely monitored, provide a powerful tool to close the gap between small-scale laboratory experiments and observational and correlative approaches applied in field surveys. Existing pelagic mesocosm systems are stationary and/or restricted to well-protected waters. To allow mesocosm experimentation in a range of hydrographic conditions and in areas considered most sensitive to ocean change, we developed a mobile sea-going mesocosm facility, the Kiel Off-Shore Mesocosms for Future Ocean Simulations (KOSMOS). The KOSMOS platform, which can be transported and deployed by mid-sized research vessels, is designed for operation in moored and free-floating mode under low to moderate wave conditions (up to 2.5 m wave heights). It encloses a water column 2 m in diameter and 15 to 25 m deep (∼50–75 m3 in volume) without disrupting the vertical structure or disturbing the enclosed plankton community. Several new developments in mesocosm design and operation were implemented to (i) minimize differences in starting conditions between mesocosms, (ii) allow for extended experimental duration, (iii) precisely determine the mesocosm volume, (iv) determine air–sea gas exchange, and (v) perform mass balance calculations. After multiple test runs in the Baltic Sea, which resulted in continuous improvement of the design and handling, the KOSMOS platform successfully completed its first full-scale experiment in the high Arctic off Svalbard (78°56.2′ N, 11°53.6′ E) in June/July 2010. The study, which was conducted in the framework of the European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA), focused on the effects of ocean acidification on a natural plankton community and its impacts on biogeochemical cycling and air–sea exchange of climate-relevant gases. This manuscript describes the mesocosm hardware, its deployment and handling, CO2 manipulation, sampling and cleaning, including some further modifications conducted based on the experiences gained during this study.

scholarly journals On corporate risk management practices in Romanian companies

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
Alexandra Horobet ◽  
Sorin Dumitrescu ◽  
Cosmin Joldes
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Corporate Risk Management ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Corporate Risk

The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of corporate risk management practices in Romanian companies, by investigating the risk management approaches Romanian companies take. Our main findings are that Romanian managers are not aware of the magnitude of exposure their companies have to various types of risk – hazard, operational, financial and strategic risks, while they are able to manage rather well all these risks, even the ones that have the lowest impact on the business. At the same time, risk management systems employed by Romanian companies are rather inarticulate and based on traditional approaches towards risk management, which might represent by itself a major source of risk, given the complexity of the business environment they face.

scholarly journals Atlas of the Baltic languages: plant names of Slavonic origin

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 499-513
Author(s):  
Ilga Jansone ◽  
Anna Stafecka
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cherry Tree ◽  
Centaurea Cyanus ◽  
Plant Names ◽  
The Baltic

Atlas of the Baltic Languages: Plant Names of Slavonic OriginThe article investigates Slavonic-derived plant names in dialects of the two surviving Baltic languages – Latvian and Lithuanian. Historically, these Slavonisms were originally adopted by small-scale regional dialects, which are now disappearing. In 2009, a pilot study for the Atlas of the Baltic Languages was published. It comprised 12 geo-linguistic maps with Latvian, Lithuanian and English commentaries. 2012 saw the publication, in CD format, of the Atlas’s first volume: Lexis 1: Flora. The material analysed concerns names for: (1) wild plants, e.g., cornflower, nettle, waybread, milfoil, dandelion, plantain; (2) cultivated plants, e.g., onion, potatoe, garlic, cucumber, Swedish turnip, [winter] wheat; (3) trees (juniper, hazel-tree, pear-tree, plum-tree, cherry-tree, etc.) and words related to a tree (top of the tree, cone, etc.).Borrowed plant names can generally be grouped as follows: 1. Common borrowings located in a wide area in Lithuania and used all over Eastern part of Latvia – the region of Latgale. These usually denote fruits and vegetables, e.g. the potatoe (Solanum tuberosum) – Latv. buļve and its variants, buļba and variants, uļbiks / Lith. bulvė and variants, bulbė and variants; or garlic – casnags, casnāgs and variants / Lith. česnākas, šešnākas and variants. 2. Common borrowings located in wide area in Lithuania and used in some subdialects in Latgale, e.g. Lith. vosilka / Lat. Vasilka ‘cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)’; Lith. kriváunykas and variants / Lat. kravavņiks and variants ‘yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.)’. 3. Slavonisms whose origin differs in Latvian and in Lithuanian, e.g. Lat. klevers (< Russ. клевер, Bel. dialectal клéвер, клевiр / Lith. kaniušina < Bel. канюшына, Pol. koniczyna for ‘clover (Trifolium)’.The Atlas of the Baltic Languages, reflecting the language contacts, could be an important source for further investigation not only in Baltistics but also in Slavistics and Indo-European comparative linguistics.Атлас балтийских языков: названия растений славянского происхожденияВ статье рассматриваются названия растений славянского происхождения в диалектах единственнo живых балтийских языков – латышского и литовского. Исторически эти славянизмы были заимствованы региональными территориальными диалектами, которые в настоящее время исчезают. В 2009 г. был опубликован пилотный проект Атласа балтийских языков, включающий 12 геолингвистических карт с комментариями на латышском, литовском и английском языках. В 2012 г. первый том атласа: Атлас балтийских языков. Лексика I: Флора – был опубликован в формате CD. Связанную с растительним миром лексику представляют названия, обозначающие: 1) дикорастущие растения – например, василек, крапиву, подорожник, тысячелистник, одуванчик, 2) культурные растения – например, лук, картофель, репу, (зимнюю) пшеницу, и 3) деревья (можжевельник, орешник, грушу и др.), а также части деревьев (макушку дерева, шишку). В качестве основных групп заимствованных названий растений можно выделить: 1. Общие заимствования, которые встречаются в широком ареале в Литве и во всей восточной части Латвии – в Латгалии. Обычно это названия овощей и фруктов, например, картофеля (Solanum tuberosum) – лат. buļve и вар., buļba и вар., uļbiks / лит. bulve и вар., bulbe и вар., чеснока: лат. casnags, casnāgs и вар./ лит. česnākas, šešnākas и вар. 2. Общие заимствования, которые встречаются в широком ареале в Литве и в некоторых говорах Латгалии, например, лит. vosilka / лат. vasilka ‘вaсилёк (Centaurea cyanus)’, лит. kriváunykas и вар. / лат. kravavņiks и вар. ‘тысячелистник (Achillea millefolium L.)’. 3. Славянизмы несовпадающего проиcхождения в латышском и литовском языках, например, лат. klevers (< рус. kлевер, бел. диал. клéвер, клевiр) / лит. kaniušina < бел. kанюшына, поль. koniczyna ‘клевер (Trifolium)’. Атлас балтийских языков отражает языковые контакты и служит важным источником для дальнейших исследований не только в балтистике, но также в славистикe и индоевропейском сравнительном языкознании.

scholarly journals ATTITUDE OF SLOVAK SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES TOWARDS RISK MANAGEMENT – INVESTIGATION OF THE REGIONAL DIFFERENCES

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matej Masár ◽  
Mária Hudáková
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Employee Education ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Customer Expectations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Current Business

Contemporary trends highlight the need for education in each enterprise. The current business environment is characterized by many changes such as increased customer expectations and high levels of competitiveness in the environment. World trends, shows, that managers and owners of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) perceived the need to take care of risk management in their enterprise. This issue has been analyzed and discussed for a long time. It is necessary to concentrate on this field mainly in the Slovak Republic. SMEs in Slovakia are very sensitive to changes in the environment. The aim of this paper is to investigate regional differences in the attitude of Slovak SMEs towards risk management, with special emphasis on the attitude towards significance of the education in the field of risk management based on empirical research, which was provided by authors in 2017. This paper will evaluate: the level of dependence between the selected Slovak regions and the created space for discussion about risks in SMEs, the level of dependence between selected Slovak regions and the created space for employee education in risk management in SMEs, and the level of dependence between selected Slovak regions and the required education possibilities in the field of risk management. It will use: association, the Pearson’s coefficient and the Tschuprov coefficient for evaluating the results. Overall results of the empirical research point towards the significance and importance of using risk management in SMEs. The results, shows, that there is a very large association between investigating dependence. Based on the results, it is necessary to improve the level of education in the field of risk management, which will be based on current entrepreneurial requirements.

scholarly journals Personal Liability Of Director Of A Company In Insolvency & Investor Frauds Cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1531-1537
Author(s):  
Dr. Hina Kausar
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Internal Mechanism ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Company ◽  
Personal Liability ◽  
Responsible Person

The present paper contributes to the understanding of impact of corporate scams and scandals and understanding the reason how these frauds and white-collar crimes impact the investors trust and business environment as a whole. When these scams occur the trust of investors break with each and every turnout. The impact of such corporate scams is not limited to the company where it took place but to each and every business, be it big corporate units or it be some small-scale businesses by directly impacting the stock exchange where the shares are listed. The authors have also tried to focus upon the issues and problems faced by the investors of the company while the company got involved in corporate scams and to figure out the responsible person of the company who will be held accountable in such kind of cases. The present study is limited to the extent of personal liability of a Director and too specifically in the cases of fraud and insolvency. White collar crimes are everywhere these days and that need to be treated as a growing branch of the Criminal law in India. With increase in the Globalization companies are growing and along with it the stakeholders of the company are also growing, any scam done will step back the investors to invest again and more in the company. Thereby with increase in the market share of a company the director of the Company has to establish an internal mechanism to tackle various white -collar crimes nurtured and how these are dealt in the court of law.

scholarly journals Risk management using information technologies of the Russian railways holding

2021 ◽  
Vol 334 ◽  
pp. 02015
Author(s):  
Petr Kurenkov ◽  
Olga Efimova ◽  
Nadezhda Kapustina ◽  
Diana Kakhrimanova ◽  
Anastasia Safronova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Business Units

The increased competition between modes of transport, the growing uncertainty of the business environment, the diversity of goals of the business units of the holding “Russian Railways” and the participants of the transport market inevitably increase the level of risks that can threaten the efficient development of the company. The development of information technologies is the base of risk management and higher competitiveness. The growth in uncertainty and speed of changes in the business environment leads to the necessity of implementation of digital technologies for risk management, influencing the add value of transportation-logistic services.

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