Mother–Father Dyad Conflict Strategy Clusters: Implications for Emerging Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 319-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff McKinney ◽  
Courtney S. Walker ◽  
Janet W. Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Psychological Aggression ◽  
Parental Conflict ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Harsh Discipline ◽  
Conflict Strategies

Research has examined the different parenting styles that are present during emerging adulthood; however, less is known about potential parental conflict strategies that emerging adults may be experiencing during this developmental time period. Conflict strategies are conceptualized in the current study as parents’ efforts to regulate, correct, or enforce a consequence in response to their emerging adult child’s behavior. Previous research on discipline during childhood and adolescence has suggested the use of harsh discipline (e.g., use of physical force) leads to negative outcomes for children. Despite evidence linking harsh discipline methods to harmful outcomes in various developmental periods and suggested influence of parents in emerging adulthood, very little is known about how parents handle conflict with their emerging adult children. Thus, the present study investigated parental conflict strategies and mental health outcomes of emerging adults. Results revealed a significant parent–child gender interaction for non-violent strategies and psychological aggression. Moreover, results indicated that emerging adult children of parents who utilize similar levels of aggressive methods reported greater psychological problems. The findings from the current study underscore parents’ use of conflict strategies when interacting with their emerging adult children, and further emphasize the importance of future research in this area.

Parental Physical Force and Alcohol Use in Emerging Adults: Mediation by Psychological Problems

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 2087-2109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ward Pollard ◽  
Cliff McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Excessive Alcohol

Research has indicated that negative parenting practices, such as physical punishment, are associated with negative outcomes in children. These negative outcomes can present during childhood and during emerging adulthood. One negative consequence can be excessive alcohol use, a problematic outcome with its own myriad consequences. The goal of the current study was to examine the effects of parental physical force on emerging adult functioning, specifically alcohol and psychological problems. A sample of 488 young adults completed questionnaires on current perceptions related to alcohol-related problems, physical and psychological aggression by their parents experienced during the previous year, and current emotional and behavioral functioning. Results showed full mediation between paternal physical force and emerging adult alcohol problems by emerging adult psychological problems. Emerging adult psychological problems partially mediated the effect of maternal physical force on emerging adult alcohol problem. Gender did not moderate these effects. The results support existing literature suggesting that the use of parental physical force may lead to a chain reaction of problems, even during emerging adulthood. These results also reveal that emerging adults report currently receiving physical force from their parents, which brings to light a concerning lack of literature on the use of parental physical force on emerging adult children. These results advocate for positive parenting practives and efforts to teach them, even for emerging adult children. The results may also clinically suggest that paying attention to parental force in emerging adult clients could yield a better understanding of their current functioning, especially including excessive alcohol use.

From Piggy Banks to Significant Others: Associations Between Financial Socialization and Romantic Relationship Flourishing in Emerging Adulthood

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110575
Author(s):  
Ashley B. LeBaron-Black ◽  
Matthew T. Saxey ◽  
Toby M. Driggs ◽  
Melissa A. Curran
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Financial Socialization ◽  
Financial Outcomes ◽  
Financial Behaviors ◽  
Relationship Outcomes

While a plethora of research has found that parent financial socialization during childhood and adolescence is linked with financial outcomes in emerging adulthood, recent literature suggests that financial socialization may also impact romantic relationship outcomes in emerging adulthood. Utilizing a sample of 1,950 U.S. emerging adults, we test whether retrospectively recalled parent financial socialization is associated with romantic relationship flourishing and whether this association is mediated by financial behaviors and financial distress. We found that financial socialization was positively associated with financial behaviors and relationship flourishing and was negatively associated with financial distress. Further, financial behaviors partially mediated the association between financial socialization and relationship flourishing, while financial distress did not mediate the association. Together with previous literature, these findings provide useful information for therapists and educators in their pursuit to promote robust parent financial socialization in childhood and adolescence and both financial and relational well-being in emerging adulthood.

Emerging Adult Perceptions of and Preferences for Parenting Styles and Associated Psychological Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 2491-2504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff McKinney ◽  
Janet W. Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Child Gender ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Gender Dyads

Research suggests that child perception of parenting styles may strongly influence child outcomes and parents must balance support and structure based on their emerging adult children’s changing needs. The current study examined emerging adult perceptions of parenting style in comparison with their preferences and how these characteristics interact to predict psychological problems. Significant interactions between preferred and perceived parenting style were found, several of which were further moderated by gender. Results suggest that emerging adults prefer parenting styles that grant autonomy, and males reported lower psychological problems when they also perceived such a parenting style, whereas females reported higher psychological problems. This may suggest that females experience more risky behaviors while at college when granted autonomy relative to males, thus accounting for their higher psychological problems. The current study emphasizes the ongoing impact of parental influences on emerging adult outcomes and that children’s preferences and perceptions influence parent–child gender dyads.

Effects of Parenting Styles on Psychological Problems by Self Esteem and Gender Differences

2020 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2095844
Author(s):  
Erica Szkody ◽  
Ellen H. Steele ◽  
Cliff McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Female Self ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Current research supports the lasting effects of parenting styles on children and adolescents’ self-esteem, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Few studies have examined parenting style, self-esteem, and psychological problems together while considering gender. The current study explored the indirect effect of parenting style though self-esteem on emerging adult psychological problems as moderated by gender among 381 emerging adults. The most notable finding suggested that maternal authoritative parenting was related to higher levels of female self-esteem, which in turn related to lower levels of female psychological problems. Results indicated a relationship between higher levels of self-esteem and lower psychological problems. Findings from the current study contribute to research emphasizing the long-lasting effects of parenting style on emerging adult self-esteem and mental health, particularly among females.

Romantic Relationships and the Transition to Work

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-124
Author(s):  
José F. Domene ◽  
Sarah M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Transition To Work ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Factors

In this chapter, the authors address intersections between romantic relationship factors and the transition to work experience. They briefly summarize the nature of romantic relationships during emerging adulthood and then review research conducted around the world, which reveals that these two aspects of a person’s life are closely intertwined during emerging adulthood. They describe the ways romantic relationship development and career development have been found to influence each other and the concerns that many emerging adults have about balancing their goals in these two areas of life. Drawing on this literature, they make several recommendations for practitioners who are assisting emerging adults to make an optimal transition to work in the context of their romantic relationships. Finally, the authors use a case study, drawn from research conducted by the first author, to illustrate how the principles discussed in this review can manifest in the lives of one emerging adult couple.

scholarly journals The Development of Prosociality: Evidence for a Negative Association between Age and Prosocial Value Orientation from a Representative Sample in Austria

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Alexander Ehlert ◽  
Robert Böhm ◽  
Jürgen Fleiß ◽  
Heiko Rauhut ◽  
Robert Rybnicek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Value Orientation ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Age Related

While the ontogeny of prosociality during infancy, childhood, and adolescence has received substantial attention over the last decades, little is known about how prosocial preferences develop beyond emerging adulthood. Recent evidence suggests that the previously observed positive association between age and prosocial preferences is less robust than assumed. This study reports results on the association between social preferences, age, gender, and education from an Austrian representative sample (N = 777, aged 16–94 years) in which incentivized social value orientations (SVO) were measured along with various other sociodemographic characteristics. The analyses confirm that men are less prosocial than women, however, mainly during emerging adulthood (16–25 years). At the same time, the decline of prosociality is stronger among women leading to a convergence of prosociality between men and women as they age. Overall, we find that a prosocial value orientation is negatively correlated with people’s age. We suspect that the susceptibility of peoples’ social preferences to the preferences of others in their social environment is a critical factor unifying these different observations in the development of prosociality. We hypothesize that the opposite associations between age and SVO observed in two previous studies using unincentivized measures of social preferences are explained in parts by an age-related change in social desirability, measurement inaccuracy (continuous vs. categorical), and cross-cultural differences promoting competitive preferences among emerging adults in Japan. Moreover, we find that political orientations towards right-wing populists are consistently associated with less prosocial preferences, while education seems to be positively associated with prosociality. Overall, our study highlights the importance of conducting representative studies using incentivized measurements across cultures.

Emerging Adults and Substance Use Disorder Treatment

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Developmental Theory ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Substance Use Disorder Treatment ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Disorder Treatment

Emerging adulthood, spanning roughly between ages 18 and 29, is increasingly recognized as a unique period of development within the human lifespan. Unfortunately, the peak prevalence for substance use and related disorders occurs during emerging adulthood. At the nexus of developmental theory and clinical practice, this volume explores the idiosyncrasies associated with the assessment and treatment of substance-related disorders among emerging adults. Comprehensive coverage is provided on the developmental aspects of emerging adulthood, emerging adult–specific substance use screening, assessment, and treatment. In addition, many related special topics are addressed, including U.S. healthcare reform and the Affordable Care Act’s impact on treatment for emerging adults, treatment for aging-out foster youth with substance use disorders, collegiate recovery programs, and treatment needs of emerging adults from privileged and marginalized backgrounds. Throughout the book, readers receive research-informed, yet practical, suggestions for emerging adult substance use disorder treatment.

Failure to Grow Up, Failure to Pay? Parents’ Views of Conflict Over Money With Their Emerging Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-382
Author(s):  
Katie Lowe ◽  
Jeffrey J. Arnett
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Well Being ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Financial Socialization ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Parental Concerns ◽  
Intergenerational Ambivalence ◽  
Relationship Factors

Grounded in the theoretical frameworks of emerging adulthood and intergenerational ambivalence, parental concerns about their child’s attainment of adulthood was investigated as the focal predictor of the likelihood of monetary conflict between American parents and emerging adults. A national sample of 791 parents (51% female; 73% White) of emerging adults (18-29 years old) completed surveys. Results showed that 43% of parents experienced monetary conflict with their emerging adult, and one in five were “very concerned” that their child would not attain adulthood. Additionally, the odds of monetary conflict were 3.11 times higher when parents endorsed greater concerns about attaining adulthood (e.g., might never become fully adult). This association was the strongest beyond key demographic, parental well-being, and parent–emerging adult relationship factors. Findings help illuminate the basis of monetary conflict in emerging adulthood and indicate parents’ fears of “failure to launch” may have very real consequences, suggesting implications for financial socialization.

Emerging Adult Sexual Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-64
Author(s):  
Sara A. Vasilenko
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Casual Sex ◽  
Vaginal Intercourse ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Sizeable Minority

By emerging adulthood, the majority of individuals have engaged in some types of sexual behavior. However, during this period there is considerable variability and change in the prevalence of recent sexual behaviors and their relationship contexts. This chapter reviews the literature on the prevalence of multiple sexual behaviors, focusing on data from nationally representative studies where possible. Findings suggest that most emerging adults engage in behaviors such as kissing, oral sex, and vaginal intercourse during emerging adulthood, with peak prevalence of these behaviors in the late twenties or early thirties. Other behaviors, such as partnered masturbation, anal sex, and kink behaviors are also practiced by a sizeable minority of individuals. Although many individuals engage in casual sex during emerging adulthood, most instances of sexual behavior occur in relationships. Differences in sexual behavior across several subgroups are discussed, with a particular focus on gender and sexual orientation.

Emerging Adult Development and Substance Use Disorders

2017 ◽  
pp. 16-37
Author(s):  
Douglas C. Smith ◽  
Tara M. Dumas ◽  
Jordan P. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Identity Exploration ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Additional Risk

Developmental processes influence emerging adults’ substance use. Such processes may occur both before and during the period of emerging adulthood, which lasts roughly from ages 18 to 29. This chapter begins by reviewing the prevalence of risky substance use and substance use disorders among emerging adults as well as the sequelae of such use. After a brief review of Arnett’s theory of emerging adulthood, the chapter provides an updated review of how the dimensions of emerging adulthood (i.e., identity exploration, feeling in between, self-focus, instability, optimism) are associated with substance use. Also reviewed are the additional risk factors for substance use that likely interact with these dimensions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document