Effects of Parenting Styles on Psychological Problems by Self Esteem and Gender Differences

2020 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2095844
Author(s):  
Erica Szkody ◽  
Ellen H. Steele ◽  
Cliff McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Female Self ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Current research supports the lasting effects of parenting styles on children and adolescents’ self-esteem, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Few studies have examined parenting style, self-esteem, and psychological problems together while considering gender. The current study explored the indirect effect of parenting style though self-esteem on emerging adult psychological problems as moderated by gender among 381 emerging adults. The most notable finding suggested that maternal authoritative parenting was related to higher levels of female self-esteem, which in turn related to lower levels of female psychological problems. Results indicated a relationship between higher levels of self-esteem and lower psychological problems. Findings from the current study contribute to research emphasizing the long-lasting effects of parenting style on emerging adult self-esteem and mental health, particularly among females.

Emerging Adult Perceptions of and Preferences for Parenting Styles and Associated Psychological Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 2491-2504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff McKinney ◽  
Janet W. Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Child Gender ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Gender Dyads

Research suggests that child perception of parenting styles may strongly influence child outcomes and parents must balance support and structure based on their emerging adult children’s changing needs. The current study examined emerging adult perceptions of parenting style in comparison with their preferences and how these characteristics interact to predict psychological problems. Significant interactions between preferred and perceived parenting style were found, several of which were further moderated by gender. Results suggest that emerging adults prefer parenting styles that grant autonomy, and males reported lower psychological problems when they also perceived such a parenting style, whereas females reported higher psychological problems. This may suggest that females experience more risky behaviors while at college when granted autonomy relative to males, thus accounting for their higher psychological problems. The current study emphasizes the ongoing impact of parental influences on emerging adult outcomes and that children’s preferences and perceptions influence parent–child gender dyads.

Parenting Style, Familism, and Youth Adjustment in Mexican American and European American Families

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole E. Mahrer ◽  
Lindsay E. Holly ◽  
Linda J. Luecken ◽  
Sharlene A. Wolchik ◽  
William Fabricius
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Authoritative Parenting ◽  
European American ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Youth Outcomes ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Authoritative parenting is typically considered the gold-standard parenting approach based on studies with largely European American (EA) samples. The current study evaluated a novel, “no-nonsense” parenting style in Mexican American (MA) and EA families, not captured by traditional classifications. Parenting styles of mothers and fathers, cultural values, and youth internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed in 179 MA ( n = 84) and EA ( n = 95) parents and adolescents across 2 years (seventh to ninth grade). MA families showed a higher proportion of “no-nonsense” parenting, characterized by high levels of acceptance as well as harsh discipline and rejection, compared with EA families. Cultural values influenced the link between parenting styles and youth outcomes across ethnicity such that when parents endorsed low adherence to familismo values, authoritative parenting predicted lower youth internalizing and externalizing problems compared with the “no-nonsense” parenting. Yet when parents endorsed strong adherence to familismo values, the authoritative and no-nonsense parenting functioned similarly. Findings have implications for the development of culturally competent parenting interventions that may lead to positive outcomes in youth from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.

Indirect Effects of Social Support on Psychological Health Through Self-Esteem in Emerging Adulthood

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (17) ◽  
pp. 2439-2455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Szkody ◽  
Cliff McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Received Social Support ◽  
Social Constructivist Theory ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Social constructivist theory suggests that social support affects internalizing and externalizing problems by improving self-esteem. The differential impact of these variables has not been fully explored between male and female genders. The current study examined how different sources of received or perceived social support from mother, father, or a close friend affect internalizing and externalizing problems as explained by self-esteem in emerging adulthood. Emerging adults attending college ( N = 854, ages 18-25 years) were recruited to complete survey measures. For both genders, the perception of friend support was indirectly related to internalizing and externalizing problems through self-esteem. Received social support from fathers indirectly effected internalizing and externalizing problems in females through self-esteem but not males. Interventions during emerging adulthood aimed at increasing perception of support from friends may directly and indirectly benefit females in college. Further results, implications, and limitations of the study are discussed.

Parent and Child Depression: Moderated Mediation by Gender and Harsh Parenting in Emerging Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 594-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff McKinney ◽  
Erica Szkody
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Parental Depression ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Harsh Parenting ◽  
Environmental Predictors ◽  
Child Gender ◽  
Gender Dyads ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Parental depression has been associated with psychological problems in offspring. It was hypothesized that harsh parenting would mediate this relationship and that gender differences would suggest moderated mediation. Emerging adults ( N = 490) reported on their current perceptions of parental depression, harsh parenting, and their own psychological problems. The indirect effects of parental depression on emerging adult psychological problems in the context of parent–child gender dyads were examined. All variables shared positive free correlations across gender, whereas direct and indirect effects were influenced heavily by gender. Parental depression was directly related to male and female depression, and harsh parenting was only directly and indirectly related to female depression. Further research should focus on the complexity of harsh parenting and environmental predictors on child psychological problems. Addressing parental depression may indirectly and directly improve children’s internalizing and externalizing problems.

Perceived Mother–Father Dyad Parenting Typologies Across Four Regions in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110551
Author(s):  
Melanie Stearns ◽  
Erica Szkody ◽  
Cliff McKinney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Paternal Parenting ◽  
Very High

Although much research has investigated parenting styles, few studies have examined parenting across regions of the United States. The current study used a nationwide sample to examine perceived maternal and paternal parenting in four regions of the United States: Northeast, South, Midwest, and West. Participants included 1080 emerging adults who answered questionnaires regarding their perceptions of maternal and paternal parenting styles using an online survey. In all regions, the largest profile indicated a parenting style of High Authoritative/Authoritarian and Moderate Permissive mothers and fathers. Similarly, all regions indicated profiles that were High or Very High Authoritarian mothers and fathers. All regions except the West had a profile with High Authoritative mothers and High or Very High Authoritarian fathers. The Northeast, South, and West also had unique profiles found only in those regions. Thus, results indicate similarities as well as distinct differences in parenting style across regions of the United States.

scholarly journals Impact of Behavioral Inhibition and Parenting Style on Internalizing and Externalizing Problems from Early Childhood through Adolescence

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1063-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lela Rankin Williams ◽  
Kathryn A. Degnan ◽  
Koraly E. Perez-Edgar ◽  
Heather A. Henderson ◽  
Kenneth H. Rubin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

scholarly journals PENALARAN MORAL ANAK DITINJAU DARI GAYA PENGASUHAN DAN JENIS KELAMIN

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Nur Hayani
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Teaching Strategy ◽  
Moral Decision ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
Sex Stereotypes ◽  
Permissive Parenting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender

The objectives of this research is to know the difference of moral reasoning between boys and girls perceived from authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parents. The subjects of this research were 81 students at primary school of Al Falah Sei Mencirim Kutalimbaru Sumatera Utara. The data of the study was collected by using two scales, they are Moral Reasoning scale and parenting style scale. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the data, which resulted that parenting styles and gender interact each other in affecting moral reasoning (F : 5,580; p = 0.006 < 0.05), and it means that there is a difference of moral reasoning among boys and girls perceived from authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parenting styles. Based on the finding above, it is suggested that educators should develop suitable teaching strategy which may enhance positive developmental aspects by avoiding sex stereotypes; encouraging to be independent and take a risk; and guiding in problem solving. It is suggested too that parents should avoid different parenting between boys and girls and help them to make moral decision properly so the can avoid social adapting problems.  

scholarly journals Parenting style as a predictor of music preference

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-625
Author(s):  
Emily Warrener ◽  
Amanda E Krause ◽  
Adrian C North
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Perceived Parenting ◽  
Individual Difference Variables ◽  
Musical Taste ◽  
And Gender

Although previous research has established relationships between perceived parenting styles and children’s deviant behaviours and links between these behaviours and a liking for intense and rebellious music, no research has explored the associations between perceived parenting styles and children’s liking for different music styles. Whereas previous research has considered musical taste by looking at a small number of individual difference variables in isolation from one another, the present research used a cross-sectional correlational design to investigate whether parenting styles, the Big Five personality traits, sensation seeking, age, and gender were associated with a liking for different music styles. In total, 336 Australians completed an online, self-report questionnaire. Analyses demonstrated there were relationships between five of the six parenting style variables and five of the music styles considered. This indicates that various parenting styles were associated with musical taste, and the nature of these associations extends well beyond those concerning rebellious music and neglectful parenting that have been identified by previous research.

Joint trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Vaillancourt ◽  
John D. Haltigan ◽  
Isabel Smith ◽  
Lonnie Zwaigenbaum ◽  
Peter Szatmari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Disorder Symptom ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

AbstractThe co-occurring development of internalizing and externalizing problems were examined in an inception cohort of 392 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder at age 3 who were assessed on four occasions. Results indicated that internalizing and externalizing problems were stable over time and highly comorbid. Joint trajectory analysis suggested that 13% of the sample followed a dual high-risk trajectory. High risk was not found to be associated with intellectual ability or autism spectrum disorder symptom severity but was linked to lower income and gender: more girls than boys were found in the high/stable internalizing problems trajectory. The results suggest that 1 in 4 preschoolers followed a trajectory of internalizing or externalizing problems (or a combination of the two) that could be characterized as clinically elevated.

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