Support Exchanges Among Very Old Parents and Their Children: Findings From the Boston Aging Together Study

Very old parents and their “old” children are a growing group in industrialized countries worldwide. Care needs of very old parents can be substantial, while children may also face their own age-related issues. However, little is known about support exchanges within very-old parent-child dyads. This study aimed to identify patterns of support exchanges occurring in these dyads, as well as to ascertain individual and relationship factors associated with these patterns. Participants were 114 very old parents (age ≥ 90) and their children (age ≥ 65) from the Boston Aging Together Study. Data were collected using comprehensive, semistructured in-person interviews with both dyad members, including standardized assessments of support exchanges, relationship quality, health, and perceptions of family norms. Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIM) were used to predict upward and downward support reported by children and parents. Both dyad members not only reported substantial upward support (given to parents by children) in all domains but also notable amounts of downward support (given to children by parents) in the domains of emotional support, listening, and socializing. Findings showed significant associations of parent functional impairment, parent and child relationship quality, and child perceptions of family obligation with upward support, and of relationship quality with downward support. Continued support exchanges among very old parents and their children indicated that intergenerational theories still hold up in very late life relationships. Healthcare professionals should be aware that attention to relationship quality and family norms might be vital to ensure that support needs are met.

The Value of Adapting Counseling to Client’s Spirituality and Religion: Evidence-Based Relationship Factors

There is a strong tradition of attention to relationship factors in the field of counseling. The research on the importance of the relationship and adapting to client factors continues to grow, supporting the importance of professional multicultural competence. The field of counseling, specifically within the United States context, has focused on Multicultural Counseling Competencies with more recent emphasis on social justice through the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies. Within these competencies, spirituality and religion are mentioned as multicultural components to consider as potentially salient to clients. Yet, there has been less emphasis on ways to adapt counseling to a client’s spirituality and religion compared to other multicultural components of one’s identity, such as race, gender, and culture. Historically, a lack of training, fear of causing offense, or concerns about influencing clients, resulted in clients’ spirituality and religion being overlooked far too often in counseling. Despite this tendency, recent clinical evidence on relational responsiveness identifies the adaptation of counseling to a client’s spirituality and religion as highly effective. In this article, the authors discuss how adapting counseling to a client’s spirituality and religion, in relation to all multicultural factors salient to the client, enhances relational responsiveness and treatment effectiveness. The authors also discuss the implications for training, supervision, and practice.

A qualitative exploration of young people and prison officers’ experiences of empathy within a young offenders’ institution

Purpose This study aims to explore the ways in which young people and prison staff (Prison Officers) within a youth custodial establishment experience empathy. Previous research tends to view empathy as a stable trait and one which people can develop through individual-centred therapy. There has been little consideration of the impact of relationship factors and context in relation to empathy experience and expression. The current study aims to address this by exploring the role of the custodial context in shaping empathy, including the potential impact of relationships, environmental factors and culture. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach was used to enable breadth and depth in the exploration of this area. Individual, semi-structured interviews were carried out with a purposive sample of three young people and three Prison Officers. Data was analysed using inductive thematic analysis informed by the guidelines of Braun and Clarke (2006) and King and Horrocks (2010). Findings Constructed themes included “constructions of empathy”, “recipe for empathy”, “institutional investment”, “the value of empathy” and “doing empathy”. Together, they provide detailed insight into the interplay of personal and wider contextual factors influencing the experience of empathy in a custodial setting. The findings suggest that the way in which young people and staff experience empathy in the custodial environment is unique. The findings suggest that empathy takes place within the context of relationships and is influenced by the nature of those relationships, along with the wider social context within which it occurs. Practical implications The findings of the current study support a move away from understanding empathy as an individual personality trait and instead viewing it as a dynamic experience that is changeable based upon the relationship and the context within which it occurs. The findings suggest that interventions aiming to develop empathy should look beyond the level of the individual and the relationship and focus upon developing environments that are supportive of empathy. Originality/value This study provides unique insights into the subjective experience of empathy in a custodial setting, presenting as one of the first to take a more holistic approach to understand this phenomenon.

The power to voice my hate! Exploring the effect of brand hate and perceived social media power on negative eWOM

Purpose Consumer brand relationship literature has recently seen a surge of studies on brand hate, its antecedents and outcomes. Hate alone will not drive consumers to engage in negative electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) and indicates the interplay of other social relationship factors that can strengthen the effect of brand hate on negative eWOM. The purpose of this study is to integrate the emerging concept of brand hate and perceived social media power with the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to expand the understanding of negative eWOM. Design/methodology/approach Data is collected through a survey conducted among university students based in the National Capital Region of Delhi in India. The research model is empirically tested using structural equation modeling in AMOSv23. Findings The three TPB dimensions, including brand attitude, subjective norms and individual’s propensity to anthropomorphize, are found to influence brand to hate significantly. The other perceived control factors included in the model, perceived homophily and social media self-efficacy, were found to affect perceived social media power, which, in turn, is crucial in predicting consumers’ engagement in negative eWOM behavior, both directly and through interaction with brand hate. Originality/value The study contributes to brand hate literature and offers a novel perspective by advocating the role of consumers’ propensity to anthropomorphize in augmenting feelings of brand hate.

Partner and Relationship Predictors of Longitudinal Physical Activity Trajectories Among Individuals with Osteoarthritis Using Latent Class Growth Analysis

Background Physical activity reduces osteoarthritis symptoms, yet many individuals with the disease are insufficiently active. Purpose We identified physical activity trajectories over 12 months of individuals with osteoarthritis and examined how their cohabiting spouses’/partners’ baseline physical activity and relationship factors affected trajectory membership. Methods In this longitudinal observational study, we collected data from 168 adults with knee/hip osteoarthritis. We used latent class growth curve analysis to identify physical activity trajectories and logistic regression to predict trajectory membership using partners’ physical activity, relationship satisfaction, and communal coping (belief that both partners are responsible for osteoarthritis management). Measures, including objectively assessed physical activity, were collected at baseline from the couple, who then received an educational class on physical activity and social support. Objectively assessed physical activity was also collected from individuals with osteoarthritis at 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months post-baseline. Results Three trajectories were identified: stable active, increaser, and stable sedentary (24%, 40%, 37% of participants, respectively). Individuals with osteoarthritis with partners who were more active and who believed they alone were responsible for their osteoarthritis were more likely to follow the stable active (versus stable sedentary) trajectory. Those with partners who were less active and had higher relationship satisfaction were more likely to follow the increaser (vs. stable active) trajectory. Conclusions Findings demonstrate the importance of considering partner and relationship factors in physical activity interventions for couples.

Elder Mistreatment: a Clinical, Social, and Legal Concern

Elder mistreatment is all activities carried out by other people towards the elderly which are classified as dangerous and causing harm, such as physical, verbal, financial or material abuse and or neglect, and violation of human rights. The incidence ranges from 3.2% to 27.5% of the elderly population, where this population is predicted to be 1.2 billion people by 2025. The main risk factors are under-reporting, individual factors, relationship factors, community factors and social factors. The diagnosis includes anamnesis of the patient, family or caregiver. Detection begins by confirming any cognitive impairment, using the Mini-Cog or Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) form. Followed by screening, which can be done using the Elder Abuse Suspicion Index (EASI) instrument, then a physical examination looks for evidence of acts of abuse or neglect. Intervention is carried out by providing medical treatment for physical injuries, temporary protection, keeping the perpetrator away from the victim, and education on patterns of mistreatment that can involve social services and law enforcement. Management includes a complete and focused examination of mistreatment, preparing a safety plan, which is providing plans to improve patient protection, as well as education on treatment goals. Patient management should use a multidisciplinary team consisting of doctors, nurses, social workers, legal representatives and administrative officers. Complete data and clear laws and regulations regarding mistreatment are needed, such as in America and Britain where absolute mistreatment is legally reported.

Kecemasan pada Ibu Hamil di Masa Pandemi Covid 19 di RSUD Ibnu Sutowo Baturaja

Di Indonesia, terdapat 107.000 (28,7%) ibu hamil yang mengalami kecemasan dalam menghadapi persalinan. Kecemasan akan berdampak negatif pada ibu hamil sejak masa kehamilan hingga persalinan, seperti janin yang gelisah sehingga menghambat pertumbuhannya, melemahkan kontraksi otot rahim, dan lain-lain. Dampak tersebut dapat membahayakan ibu dan janin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor hubungan kecemasaan Ibu hamil dimasa pandemi covid 19 di Poliklinik RSUD Ibnu Sutowo. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 37 ibu hamil dan instrumen pada penelitian ini menggunakan lembar kuesioner. Hasil analisis uji Chi- Squre didapatkan ada hubungan antara umur dengan dengan kecemasan dengan hasil p value 0,010 < α (0,05), ada hubungan antara pendidikan dengan dengan dengan kecemasan didapatkan p value 0,001 < α (0,05),ada hubungan antara pekerjaan dengan dengan kecemasan pada ibu hamil di masa pandemi covid 19 di RSUD Ibnu Sutowo Baturaja didapatkan p value 0,024 < α (0,05). Disarankan sosialisasi dan penyuluhan, pemberian leaflet tentang penyakit covid 19 dan pemeriksaan kehamilan, serta dianjurkan untuk pelaksanaan pendidikan informal untuk ibu hamil atau ibu- ibu di RSUD Ibnu Sutowo Baturaja melalui pertemuan online (daring). Kata kunci : factor; kecemasan; ibu hamil ANXIETY IN PREGNANT MOTHERS DURING THE COVID-19 ERA AT IBNU SUTOWO HOSPITAL OF BATURAJA ABSTRACT In Indonesia, there are 107,000 (28.7%) pregnant women who experience anxiety in facing childbirth. Anxiety will have a negative impact on pregnant women from pregnancy to delivery, such as a restless fetus that inhibits its growth, weakens uterine muscle contractions, and others. These impacts can harm the mother and fetus. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship factors of anxiety in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Ibnu Sutowo Hospital of Baturaja. This research was conducted using a cross sectional approach with a sample of 37 pregnant women and the instrument in this study used a questionnaire sheet. The results of the Chi-Squre test analysis showed that there was a relationship between age and anxiety with p value 0.010 < (0.05), there was a relationship between education and anxiety, p value 0.001 < (0.05), there was a relationship between work with anxiety in pregnant women during the covid 19 pandemic at Ibnu Sutowo Hospital of Baturaja obtained p value 0.024 < (0.05). It is recommended that socialization & counseling, provide leaflets about Covid 19 and pregnancy checks, and it is recommended for the implementation of informal education for pregnant women or mothers at Ibnu Sutowo Hospital of Baturaja through online meetings (online). Keywords: factors, anxiety, pregnant women.

Longitudinal associations between attachment and forgivingness within romantic relationships

Being securely attached and willing to forgive your partner tends to promote greater relationship success. Though attachment and partner forgiveness are associated cross-sectionally, research has yet to investigate whether and how these positive relationship factors tend to codevelop over time. The current study examined cross-lagged effects and correlated changes in partner forgivingness and attachment across a 2-year period with two measurement occasions ( n = 514 individuals). Additionally, dyadic analyses were conducted with a subsample of dyads in the study ( n = 149 dyads). Individual level analyses evidenced negative cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between attachment-anxiety and forgivingness. Attachment-avoidance and forgivingness showed significant correlated changes over time. Dyadic level analyses showed that attachment-avoidance predicted partner forgivingness 2 years later but not vice versa. Findings suggest that longitudinal associations between attachment and forgivingness may take different forms at the individual and dyadic level.