Unintended Side Effects of Pro-Arrest Policies and Their Race and Class Implications for Battered Women: A Cautionary Note

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Battered Women ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Qualitative Methodologies ◽  
Arrest Policies ◽  
Woman Battering

Increasingly, arrest appears to be the disposition of choice for combatting violence between intimate partners. However, the ramifications of such policies may differentially impact on female victims, particularly those battered women with fewer resources and alternatives who have traditionally placed a greater reliance on police intervention. The residual effects of pro-arrest policies may operate subtly, becoming indiscernible through quantitative analyses of follow-up data and emerging only when qualitative methodologies are employed in conjunction with quantitative methodologies. Although pro-arrest policies are one way to attack the problem of woman battering, the policies become problematic if they disproportionately affect women from minority and lower socio-economic groups, facilitating negative consequences, including possible reoccurrences of violence. This paper raises some of the pertinent issues involved when research fails to capture or address the potential implications of pro-arrest strategies once implemented, and suggests ways to explore the extent and ramifications of these effects.

Law Enforcement Officers' Attitudes about the Appropriate Responses to Woman Battering

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Belknap
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Battered Women ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Police Response ◽  
Arrest Policies ◽  
Woman Battering ◽  
Departmental Affiliation

The debate over the appropriate police response to cases of battered women has intensified over the last two decades, with the majority of the research focusing on the deterrent aspect of pro-arrest policies. By contrast, this study is an examination of 324 law enforcement officers' reported attitudes and preferences regarding arrest and mediation and attitudes about battering victims and offenders. Overall, the findings include far more support for mediation than arrest, and a general tendency of officers to view women claiming to have been battered as non-credible and unworthy of police time. The variable that most strikingly differentiates officers is departmental affiliation, followed by race and sex. These findings affirm the plight of battered women when appealing to the police for assistance, as well as the importance of the departmental orientation and subculture in terms of predicting police response.

How Do Public Service Professionals Behave in Risky Situations? The Importance of Organizational Culture

2021 ◽  
pp. 027507402110103
Author(s):  
Emily Rose Tangsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Organizational Cultures ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Hospital Wards

Many situations in public service delivery are characterized by uncertainty about the potential negative consequences following decisions. These risky situations make the behavior of frontline professionals particularly important. But what shapes the risk perception and subsequent behavior of frontline professionals in risky situations? This article explores the idea that organizational culture provides part of the answer. To examine this, a comprehensive qualitative study with participant observations and interviews at five public hospital wards was conducted. The findings demonstrate the importance of organizational culture on risk perception and behavior in risky situations. Basic cultural assumptions related to professional discussion, administering medicine, grading of adverse events, and prioritizing follow-up activities matter to behavior in risky situations. In organizational cultures with high levels of trust and dialogue about decision-making, the health professionals rely on each other and ask for second opinions, when making decisions in risky situations. Conversely, in organizational cultures with little trust and professional discussion, the health professionals are less likely to ask for second opinions and follow up on risky situations, which increases the possibility of unintended, negative consequences. In this way, organizational culture can be a driver of risk-reducing and risk-seeking behavior among frontline professionals.

scholarly journals Neonates with Maternal Colonization of Carbapenemase-Producing, Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: A Mini-Review and a Suggested Guide for Preventing Neonatal Infection

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 399
Author(s):  
Judy Seesahai ◽  
Paige Terrien Church ◽  
Elizabeth Asztalos ◽  
Melanee Eng-Chong ◽  
Jo Arbus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Carbapenemase-producing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CP-CRE) are highly drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. They include New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase (NDM)-producing carbapenemase (50.4% of all species in Ontario). Antibiotic challenges for resistant bacteria in neonates pose challenges of unknown dosing and side effects. We report two antenatally diagnosed CP-CRE colonization scenarios with the NDM 1 gene. The case involves extreme preterm twins who had worsening respiratory distress at birth requiring ventilator support, with the first twin also having cardiovascular instability. They were screened for CP-CRE, and a polymyxin antibiotic commenced. In the delivery room, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and the follow-up clinic, in collaboration with the interdisciplinary group, contact precautions and isolation procedures were instituted. None of the infants exhibited infection with CP-CRE. Consolidating knowledge with regard to CP-CRE and modifying human behavior associated with its spread can mitigate potential negative consequences. This relates to now and later, when travel and prolific human to human contact resumes, from endemic countries, after the current COVID-19 pandemic. Standardized efforts to curb the acquisition of this infection would be judicious given the challenges of treatment and continued emerging antibiotic resistance. Simple infection control measures involving contact precautions, staff education and parental cohorting can be useful and cost-effective in preventing transmission. Attention to NICU specific measures, including screening of at-risk mothers (invitro fertilization conception) and their probands, careful handling of breastmilk, judicious antibiotic choice and duration of treatment, is warranted. What does this study add? CP-CRE is a nosocomial infection with increasing incidence globally, and a serious threat to public health, making it likely that these cases will present with greater frequency to the NICU team. Only a few similar cases have been reported in the neonatal literature. Current published guidelines provide a framework for general hospital management. Still, they are not specific to the NICU experience and the need to manage the parents’ exposure and the infants. This article provides a holistic framework for managing confirmed or suspected cases of CP-CRE from the antenatal care through the NICU and into the follow-up clinic targeted at preventing or containing the spread of CP-CRE.

Abstract 3622: End of Trial Period for Randomized Controlled Cardiology Trials: Is patient safety monitored and protected?

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad I Zia ◽  
Ronald Heslegrave ◽  
Gary E Newton
Keyword(s):  
Study Drug ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Trial Participation ◽  
List Type ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Study Drug Administration ◽  
Consent Forms ◽  
Post Trial

Background: The post trial period is the period after the end of study drug administration. The Declaration of Helsinki (DOH) states that “at the conclusion of the study, every patient entered into the study should be assured of access to the best proven prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic methods identified by the study.” It further adds that “post trial access arrangements or other care must be described in the study protocol so the ethical review committee may consider such arrangements during its review.” Therefore our objectives were: to determine whether research trial protocols systematically consider post trial period issues including planned follow-up and patient surveillance in the post trial period; and to assess if consent forms addressed end of trial issues. Methods: We searched the research ethics board (REB) databases at 2 academic institutions in Toronto from 1995 to 2006 to identify approved randomized clinical trials of chronic medical therapies for cardiac conditions. Results: Fourty-two studies were identified including 18 heart failure and 15 coronary artery disease trials. Thirty-eight of these trials were industry funded. Almost all trials (n=37) ended study drug abruptly at the last clinic visit, while only 4 studies offered a clinical visit post trial termination, and an additional 3 reported a telephone contact after trial completion. Only 5 trials submitted consent forms to the REB with a discussion of the post trial period. After REB review, no additional consent forms addressed the post trial period. When comparing the time period before and after the updated version of the DOH in 2000, there was a trend towards a decline in addressing post trial care (p=0.08). Conclusion: The majority of cardiac trials end study drug abruptly with unknown and potentially negative consequences, and most patients have no systematic post trial follow up from trial investigators. Study patients are also not made aware of the post trial period, as the majority of study consent forms do not discuss post trial care. Therefore, an important aspect of clinical trial design, the post trial period, could be improved by systematic follow-up described in the protocol, and full discussion of this aspect of trial participation in the consent form.

Sexism in Facebook discourse about clergy misconduct

2021 ◽  
pp. 095792652110487
Author(s):  
Laurel Puchner ◽  
Linda Markowitz
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
Sexual Misconduct ◽  
Religious Leader ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Patriarchal Ideology ◽  
Sexualized Violence ◽  
Clergy Misconduct

Sexism and sexist ideology have significant negative consequences for female victims of sexual assault and other crimes. Thus, uncovering how language is used as a discursive tool for maintaining unequal power relations is extremely important in discourses around sexual misconduct and sexualized violence. In this study we used Critical Discourse Analysis and Manne’s theory of the moral economy of patriarchy to analyze Facebook posts supporting a religious leader who had committed sexual misconduct. The analysis reveals the patriarchal ideology underlying some of the Facebook conversation discourses and the discursive strategies used by individuals to try to normalize their sexist arguments. Content of the posts shows the religious leader’s defenders showing sympathy for the perpetrator, ignoring the female victims, and minimizing sexual assault, as they argue that he should not be criticized or held accountable for his actions.

Following up Previously Bullied Pupils: How can Schools Ensure a High-Quality, Systematic Approach?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Kjersti Balle Tharaldsen
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Lower Secondary School ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
School Based ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Psychosocial Resource

Pupils exposed to bullying experience severe negative consequences, including reduced academic performance and development of mental health problems. Little is known about effective interventions to prevent and/or reduce such consequences. This study explores how schools can follow up previously bullied pupils. Four focus groups were conducted. In three, informants were national experts representing the school system, the health system, attorneys, researchers, and user organizations in Norway (n = 31). A focus group interview with a primary and lower secondary school in southwest Norway (n = 9) was also carried out. Data were analyzed via content analysis. Findings suggest that school-based psychosocial resource groups can ensure that follow-up work after bullying is systematic and of high quality. Findings provide new knowledge on how schools can organize follow-up work and suggests support systems for schools to provide high-quality follow-up work. Further research on organizing follow-up work and the specific content of follow-up work is needed.

scholarly journals Inequalities in the economic consequences of depression and anxiety in Europe: a systematic scoping review

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Linder ◽  
Ulf-G. Gerdtham ◽  
Nadja Trygg ◽  
Sara Fritzell ◽  
Sanjib Saha
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Disability Pension ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Educational Achievements ◽  
Scoping Literature Review ◽  
Absence From Work

Abstract Background Depression and anxiety are associated with adverse outcomes in educational achievements and economic performances. Moreover, the prevalence of these disorders is unequally distributed among different population subgroups. Our objective is to investigate whether the economic consequences of depression and anxiety differ between population subgroups of different gender, socioeconomic status (SES), ethnicity and age, in Europe. Methods A systematic scoping literature review was performed to identify studies where exposure to depression or anxiety was identified at baseline and consequences in education, sickness absence, disability pension, unemployment and income/earnings were measured at follow-up. Results Seventeen articles were included in this review and most of these were conducted in the Nordic countries. The consequences of depression and anxiety were stratified by gender in most of the articles. However, only in a few studies, the findings were stratified by SES, age and ethnicity. The negative consequences of depression in educational performance, disability pension and income are larger for men compared to women. Moreover, low SES individuals have more depression- and anxiety-related absence from work than high SES individuals. Conclusion Our findings imply that the economic consequences of depression differ between population subgroups in Europe. This could have an impact on social stratification, shifting people who experience mental ill-health to lower SES groups or reinforcing an already disadvantaged position. More research is needed on unequal economic consequences of depression and anxiety in different population subgroups in Europe.

scholarly journals Brain ventricular volume changes induced by long-duration spaceflight

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 10531-10536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelique Van Ombergen ◽  
Steven Jillings ◽  
Ben Jeurissen ◽  
Elena Tomilovskaya ◽  
Alena Rumshiskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Ventricular Volume ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Significant Difference

Long-duration spaceflight induces detrimental changes in human physiology. Its residual effects and mechanisms remain unclear. We prospectively investigated the changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume of the brain ventricular regions in space crew by means of a region of interest analysis on structural brain scans. Cosmonaut MRI data were investigated preflight (n = 11), postflight (n = 11), and at long-term follow-up 7 mo after landing (n = 7). Post hoc analyses revealed a significant difference between preflight and postflight values for all supratentorial ventricular structures, i.e., lateral ventricle (mean % change ± SE = 13.3 ± 1.9), third ventricle (mean % change ± SE = 10.4 ± 1.1), and the total ventricular volume (mean % change ± SE = 11.6 ± 1.5) (all P < 0.0001), with higher volumes at postflight. At follow-up, these structures did not quite reach baseline levels, with still residual increases in volume for the lateral ventricle (mean % change ± SE = 7.7 ± 1.6; P = 0.0009), the third ventricle (mean % change ± SE = 4.7 ± 1.3; P = 0.0063), and the total ventricular volume (mean % change ± SE = 6.4 ± 1.3; P = 0.0008). This spatiotemporal pattern of CSF compartment enlargement and recovery points to a reduced CSF resorption in microgravity as the underlying cause. Our results warrant more detailed and longer longitudinal follow-up. The clinical impact of our findings on the long-term cosmonauts’ health and their relation to ocular changes reported in space travelers requires further prospective studies.

Vitamin a megadoses during early infancy on serum retinol concentration and acute side effects and residual effects on 6 month follow-up

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip Mahalanabis ◽  
Mohammed M. Rahman ◽  
Mohammed A. Wahed ◽  
Mohammed A. Islam ◽  
Demissie Habte
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Acute Side Effects ◽  
Serum Retinol Concentration ◽  
Retinol Concentration

Long-term effects of empathy training in surgery residents: a one year follow-up study

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margot Phillips ◽  
Aine Lorie ◽  
John Kelley ◽  
Stacy Gray ◽  
Helen Riess
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Empathy Training ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Booster Sessions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
One Year

Objectives: This study is a 1-year follow-up investigation of the retention of the knowledge, attitudes and skills acquired after empathy training.Methods: Eight otolaryngology residents completed 5 assessment measures before and after empathy training and at 1-year. They attended a 90-minute focus group assessing clinical usefulness of the training, attitudes and factors that affect empathy.Results: Qualitative analysis revealed a positive response to the training and application of skills to clinical practices. Quantitative analyses suggest improvement in empathy after training was maintained at 1-year follow-up (p = 0.05). Knowledge of the neurobiology and physiology of empathy remained significantly greater than before the training (p = 0.007). Conclusions: Qualitative data indicate that the training program was well-received and helpful and follow-up focus groups provided physicians with opportunities for self-reflection and support from peers. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that improvement in self-reported empathy and objective knowledge of the neurobiology of emotions persist at 1-year follow-up. Accordingly, we recommend that empathy training and follow-up booster sessions become a standard component of residency training.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document