scholarly journals Local Geographies of Digital Inequality

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Blank ◽  
Mark Graham ◽  
Claudio Calvino
Keyword(s):  
Internet Use ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Digital Inequality ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Geographic Differences

Combining data from a sample survey, the 2013 Oxford Internet Survey, with the 2011 UK Census, we employ small area estimation to estimate Internet use in small geographies in Britain. This is the first attempt to estimate Internet use at any small-scale level. Doing so allows us to understand the local geographies of British Internet use, showing that the area with least use is in the North East, followed by central Wales. The highest Internet use is in London and southeastern England. The most interesting finding is that after controlling for demographic variables, geographic differences become nonsignificant. The apparent geographic differences appear to be due to differences in demographic characteristics. We conclude by considering the policy implications of this fact.

Energy Conversion OWC Devices With Additional Vertical Ducts

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio M. Camporeale ◽  
Pasquale G. F. Filianoti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wells Turbine ◽  
Small Opening ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Pneumatic Power ◽  
Vertical Duct

In breakwaters embodying an OWC connected to the sea through a vertical duct or through a small opening, the oscillations of the water column are due to the wave pressure acting on the outer opening of the vertical duct or on the small opening. In fact, in neither of the two cases waves can enter the plant, like it happens in conventional OWCs. The additional vertical duct extends along the wave-beaten wall, giving the device the characteristic form of a U-conduit; for this reason they were also named U-OWC. Experiments on a small-scale breakwater embodying a U-OWC were carried out in the natural laboratory of Reggio Calabria. The plant is a 1:10 scale model of a breakwater suitable for the North-East Pacific coast. The paper describes new experiments on the U-OWC device connected to a monoplane Wells turbine. During an intensive measurement campaign, more than 260 sea states, 5 min long were recorded in order to characterize the energy conversion process. From the experiments, the analysis of the energy conversion shows that: 1) the system is able to absorb a share up 80% of the incident wave energy; this result is similar to that obtained in previous experiments carried out without the turbine; 2) a large fraction of the energy entering the U-OWC is converted in pneumatic power acting on the turbine, being head losses in the water flow limited; 3) the efficiency of conversion of the pneumatic power in turbine power is relatively low (about 36% of the pneumatic power) due to the small dimensions of the turbine that lead to low Reynolds number and large influence of secondary losses.

Excavations at Verulamium, 1961. Seventh and Final Interim Report

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Frere
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Masonry Building ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
The West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

Two small-scale excavations were carried out at Verulamium during 1961. In January it became necessary to explore the site about to be occupied by the museum extension, and several trenches were cut on the north-east and south-east sides of the existing museum building. It was not possible in the time and with the resources available to excavate down to natural soil, but only to examine those layers due for removal by the builders. Considerable depths of deposit are known to exist here, possibly filling an early ditch. The site lies in the west corner of Insula XVIII: the earliest structure reached was a timber-framed building, burnt down possibly c. A.D. 155. This was succeeded by an Antonine masonry building with channel hypocausts. Possibly c. A.D. 300 this building was enlarged by encroachment on the street frontages. It clearly extends some way outside the area excavated both towards east and south. The character of the structure is domestic.

Factors Driving Firms from Emerging Countries into the Global Market

2020 ◽  
pp. 1175-1192
Author(s):  
Rose Quan ◽  
Zhibin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Global Market ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Entrepreneurial Factors

The purpose of this chapter is to identify the key factors that explain the decision of Chinese small and medium sized enterprises' (CSMEs) investment into the North East of England. The authors conducted 23 semi-structured interviews with key decision makers of Chinese SMEs that have business operations in the North East of England. It has been found that there are four major categories of factors that drive Chinese SMEs' investment into the North East of England: 1) resource-based factors; 2) home and host institutional factors; 3) network factors; and 4) international entrepreneurial factors. The findings have policy implications for both the governments of the UK and China, as well as managerial implications for future Chinese investors. This chapter provides fresh explanation of Chinese SMEs' investment into a developed economy.

Factors Driving Firms from Emerging Countries into the Global Market

2017 ◽  
pp. 311-328
Author(s):  
Rose Quan ◽  
Zhibin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Global Market ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Entrepreneurial Factors

The purpose of this chapter is to identify the key factors that explain the decision of Chinese small and medium sized enterprises' (CSMEs) investment into the North East of England. The authors conducted 23 semi-structured interviews with key decision makers of Chinese SMEs that have business operations in the North East of England. It has been found that there are four major categories of factors that drive Chinese SMEs' investment into the North East of England: 1) resource-based factors; 2) home and host institutional factors; 3) network factors; and 4) international entrepreneurial factors. The findings have policy implications for both the governments of the UK and China, as well as managerial implications for future Chinese investors. This chapter provides fresh explanation of Chinese SMEs' investment into a developed economy.

scholarly journals Economic Impact of Eliminating the Fuel Tax Exemption in the EU Fishing Fleet

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2719
Author(s):  
Natacha Carvalho ◽  
Jordi Guillen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Socioeconomic Impacts ◽  
Fuel Tax ◽  
Fishing Fleet ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Fishing Fleets ◽  
The Eu

The EU-27 fishing fleet consumed 2.02 billion liters of fuel to catch 4.48 million tons of fish, valued at €6.7 billion in 2018. The profitability of the EU fishing fleet shows an increasing trend, partly due to the improvements in the energy efficiency and recovery of fish stocks in the North-east Atlantic. Fuel is one of the main expenses fishing fleets have, and therefore, their economic performance remains highly dependent on the fuel price, even if they benefit from a fuel tax exemption. The adoption of the European Green Deal, the revision of the Energy Taxation Directive (ETD), the ongoing World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiation to prohibit harmful fisheries subsidies, and general public opinion are putting pressure to eliminate this tax exemption. This analysis investigates the impacts of the potential elimination of the fuel tax exemption across the different EU fishing fleets and it is discussed to what extent the small-scale, large-scale and distant-water fleets could be affected. This analysis is useful to inform policy-makers and stakeholders on the consequences of the potential elimination of the fuel tax exemption, as well as to discuss potential measures to mitigate the socioeconomic impacts arising from this eventual change in the current regulatory framework.

The Marlborough Mound, Wiltshire. A Further Neolithic Monumental Mound by the River Kennet

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 137-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Leary ◽  
Matthew Canti ◽  
David Field ◽  
Peter Fowler ◽  
Peter Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
The South ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

Recent radiocarbon dates obtained from two soil cores taken through the Marlborough Castle mound, Wiltshire, show the main body of it to be a contemporaneous monument to Silbury Hill, dating to the second half of the 3rd millennium cal bc. In light of these dates, this paper considers the sequence identified within the cores, which includes two possible flood events early in the construction of the mound. It also describes four cores taken through the surrounding ditch, as well as small-scale work to the north-east of the mound. The topographic location of the mound in a low-lying area and close to rivers and springs is discussed, and the potential for Late Neolithic sites nearby is set out, with the land to the south of the mound identified as an area for future research. The paper ends with the prospect that other apparent mottes in Wiltshire and beyond may well also have prehistoric origins

scholarly journals Measuring geographical disparities in England at the time of COVID-19: results using a composite indicator of population vulnerability

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e039749
Author(s):  
Catia Nicodemo ◽  
Samira Barzin ◽  
Nicolo' Cavalli ◽  
Daniel Lasserson ◽  
Francesco Moscone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesThe growth of COVID-19 infections in England raises questions about system vulnerability. Several factors that vary across geographies, such as age, existing disease prevalence, medical resource availability and deprivation, can trigger adverse effects on the National Health System during a pandemic. In this paper, we present data on these factors and combine them to create an index to show which areas are more exposed. This technique can help policy makers to moderate the impact of similar pandemics.DesignWe combine several sources of data, which describe specific risk factors linked with the outbreak of a respiratory pathogen, that could leave local areas vulnerable to the harmful consequences of large-scale outbreaks of contagious diseases. We combine these measures to generate an index of community-level vulnerability.Setting91 Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) in England.Main outcome measuresWe merge 15 measures spatially to generate an index of community-level vulnerability. These measures cover prevalence rates of high-risk diseases; proxies for the at-risk population density; availability of staff and quality of healthcare facilities.ResultsWe find that 80% of CCGs that score in the highest quartile of vulnerability are located in the North of England (24 out of 30). Here, vulnerability stems from a faster rate of population ageing and from the widespread presence of underlying at-risk diseases. These same areas, especially the North-East Coast areas of Lancashire, also appear vulnerable to adverse shocks to healthcare supply due to tighter labour markets for healthcare personnel. Importantly, our index correlates with a measure of social deprivation, indicating that these communities suffer from long-standing lack of economic opportunities and are characterised by low public and private resource endowments.ConclusionsEvidence-based policy is crucial to mitigate the health impact of pandemics such as COVID-19. While current attention focuses on curbing rates of contagion, we introduce a vulnerability index combining data that can help policy makers identify the most vulnerable communities. We find that this index is positively correlated with COVID-19 deaths and it can thus be used to guide targeted capacity building. These results suggest that a stronger focus on deprived and vulnerable communities is needed to tackle future threats from emerging and re-emerging infectious disease.

scholarly journals Benefits and harms from Internet use: A differentiated analysis of Great Britain

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 618-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Blank ◽  
Christoph Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
Digital Inequality ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Digital Divides ◽  
The Social

Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of digital divides by investigating outcomes of Internet use. We extend this research to analyse positive and negative outcomes of Internet use in the United Kingdom. We apply structural equation modelling to data from a large Internet survey to compare the social structuration of Internet benefits with harms. We find that highly educated users benefit most from using the web. Elderly individuals benefit more than younger ones. Next to demographic characteristics, technology attitudes are the strongest predictors of online benefits. The harms from using the Internet are structured differently, with educated users and those with high levels of privacy concerns being most susceptible to harm. This runs counter to intuitions based on prior digital divide research, where those at the margins should be most at risk. While previous research on digital inequality has only looked at benefits, the inclusion of harms draws a more differentiated picture.

scholarly journals Nature and origin of large-scale and intrasalt deformation within the Wieliczka salt mine, Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark G. ROWAN ◽  
Piotr KRZYWIEC ◽  
Krzysztof BUKOWSKI ◽  
Jerzy PRZYBYŁO
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Salt Mine ◽  
Strong Unit ◽  
Weak Layer ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Topographic Slope ◽  
Mechanical Stratigraphy ◽  
New Ideas

The Wieliczka salt mine, near Kraków in southern Poland, is a world-famous historical and modern destination for both geoscientists and tourists. Despite numerous publications, there is still a lack of consensus on the nature and origin of the large-scale folds as well as whether the small-scale structures represent tectonic or soft-sediment deformation. In this preliminary work, we offer new ideas on both aspects. At the large scale, we emphasize the mechanical stratigraphy of the layered evaporite sequence, which comprises a thin basal weak layer, a thin strong unit, a thicker weak layer, and a thicker strong unit. We suggest that the inclined to recumbent folds and thrusts formed tectonically due to overthrust shear between the basal detachment and the overriding Carpathian frontal thrust, with different structural styles decoupled by the thick weak layer. At the small scale, we suggest that there was early extension directed toward the east to north-east, followed by contraction vergent toward the north. We infer that there was early, syndepositional gravity gliding down a topographic slope dipping into the coeval Gdów depocenter to the east, and that subsequent north-directed Carpathian shortening generated the small-scale contractional structures as the larger folds were developing

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