The Enthymemes of Supporting President Trump: Explaining the Association Between Structural Location, Supporting the President, and Agreeing With Online Extremism

2020 ◽  
pp. 089443932090576
Author(s):  
James Hawdon ◽  
Matthew Costello ◽  
Colin Bernatzky ◽  
Salvatore J. Restifo
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
Norm Violations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
Do So

Does hateful rhetoric appeal to supporters of President Trump? Prior studies link sexism, racism, Islamophobia, anti-immigrant sentiment, and intolerant forms of Christianity to supporting or voting for President Trump. We extend this literature by examining whether individuals who approve of President Trump’s job performance are more accepting of the hateful rhetoric and imagery they encounter online. We do so using online survey data ( N = 465) of youth and young adults collected in December 2017. Building on previous theoretical explanations of participating in online hate that utilize routine activity theory and social learning–social structure theory, we argue that support for President Trump is a result of the “politics of status,” and support for the President thus represents an enthymeme. Our key finding is that agreement with online hate material is indeed positively associated with support for the President. Additionally, we find that one’s differential location in the social structure, online and off-line social bonds, and attitudes toward norm violations are associated with agreement with online extremist content.

Cyber-Routines, Political Attitudes, and Exposure to Violence-Advocating Online Extremism

Social Forces ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 329-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hawdon ◽  
Colin Bernatzky ◽  
Matthew Costello
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Virtual Spaces ◽  
Transmission Of Information ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Use Of Social Media

AbstractThe Internet’s relatively unfettered transmission of information risks exposing individuals to extremist content. Using online survey data (N = 768) of American youth and young adults, we examine factors that bring individuals into contact with online material advocating violence. Combining aspects of social structure-social learning theory with insights from routine activity theory, we find that exposure to violence-advocating materials is positively correlated with online behaviors, including the use of social media platforms and the virtual spaces individuals frequent. Target antagonism is also correlated with exposure to violence-advocating materials, but guardianship and online and offline associations are not. Finally, feelings of dissatisfaction with major social institutions and economic disengagement are associated with exposure to violent materials online.

Confronting Online Extremism

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Costello ◽  
James Hawdon ◽  
Thomas N. Ratliff
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Youth And Young Adults

Who is likely to be a target of online hate and extremism? To answer this question, we use an online survey ( N = 963) of youth and young adults recruited from a demographically balanced sample of Americans. Adapting routine activity theory, we distinguish between actor-initiated social control (i.e., self-help), other-initiated social control (i.e., collective efficacy), and guardianship and show how self-help is positively related to the likelihood of being targeted by hate. Our findings highlight how online exposure to hate materials, target suitability, and enacting social control online all influence being the target of hate. Using social networking sites and encountering hate material online have a particularly strong relationship with being targeted with victim suitability (e.g., discussing private matters online, participating in hate online) and confronting hate also influencing the likelihood of being the target of hate speech.

Current Child Care Policy in its Social Context

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-17
Author(s):  
Lois Bryson
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Child Care Policy ◽  
Care Policy ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
The Social ◽  
Do So

Child care policy must always relate to the wider social context, indeed it will inevitably do so as we are all affected by broader changes in the social structure and changes in ideology. Nonetheless, rates of change in various areas are not always synchronous. Today, I want to look at some broader changes in society and point to some of their implications for child care policy.

scholarly journals Mapping out Violence Against Women of Influence on Twitter Using the Cyber–Lifestyle Routine Activity Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 000276422198977
Author(s):  
Priya Kumar ◽  
Anatoliy Gruzd ◽  
Philip Mai
Keyword(s):  
Activity Theory ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Online Harassment ◽  
Targeted Attacks ◽  
Single Person ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Women In India

The study applies and expands the routine activity theory to examine the dynamics of online harassment and violence against women on Twitter in India. We collected 931,363 public tweets (original posts and replies) over a period of 1 month that mentioned at least one of 101 influential women in India. By undertaking both manual and automated text analysis of “hateful” tweets, we identified three broad types of violence experienced by women of influence on Twitter: dismissive insults, ethnoreligious slurs, and gendered sexual harassment. The analysis also revealed different types of individually motivated offenders: “news junkies,” “Bollywood fanatics,” and “lone-wolves”, who do not characteristically engage in direct targeted attacks against a single person. Finally, we question the effectiveness of Twitter’s form of “guardianship” against online violence against women, as we found that a year after our initial data collection in 2017, only 22% of hostile posts with explicit forms of harassment have been deleted. We conclude that in the social media age, online and offline public spheres overlap and intertwine, requiring improved regulatory approaches, policies, and moderation tools of “capable” guardianship that empower women to actively participate in public life.

scholarly journals Defence Against Dark Artefacts: An Analysis of the Assumptions Underpinning Smart Home Cybersecurity Standards

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislaw Piasecki ◽  
Lachlan Urquhart ◽  
Derek McAuley
Keyword(s):  
Smart Home ◽  
Routine Activity Theory ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Legal Compliance ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Computing Models

As part of the EPSRC Defence Against Dark Artefacts (DADA) project, this paper analysesthe assumptions underpinning a range of smart home cybersecurity standards. We use case studies (suchas the Mirai Botnet affair) and the criminological concept of ‘routine activity theory’ to situate our analysis.Our study shows that current cybersecurity standards mainly assume smart home environments areunderpinned by cloud architectures, which is a shortcoming. This paper argues that edge computingapproaches, such as those typified by the Databox system, are emerging and challenge the cloud focusedassumptions of these standards. In edge computing, data is stored at the edge of the network, locally on thedevice, which can have advantages for security, privacy and legal compliance, over cloud-basedapproaches. As a consequence, standards should start to reflect the increased interest in this trend to makethem more aspirational and show other data architectures are possible that can benefit designers andcitizens. We hope that our paper may influence researchers, policy makers and IoT stakeholders to worktowards the adoption of edge computing models, to better manage external cyber-criminality threats insmart homes. We also briefly discuss that standards currently do not account for the complex nature ofeveryday life in the home. In addition to technical aspects, the social and interactional complexities of thehome mean internal threats can emerge too.

Prime Justice

Utopophobia ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 188-204
Author(s):  
David Estlund
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Component Part ◽  
The Social ◽  
Moral Normativity ◽  
Do So

This chapter considers the unfamiliar idea of justice for morally flawless people. In turn, it shows that this initially frivolous-sounding topic illuminates something important about the structure of moral normativity more generally, namely, the primacy of nonconcessive standards—standards of right that are not occasioned by wrong. By “Prime Justice,” the chapter refers to a certain part of the “global prime requirement.” This is the requirement according to which all agents (individual or collective) behave as they morally ought to given that all others also do so. Presumably, there will be a component part of this prime requirement that concerns a society's basic social structure, the social justice part of the morally flawless scenario.

scholarly journals Heir and Bastard (Notes on the Social Genesis of Ressentiment)

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-162
Author(s):  
L. G. Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Friedrich Nietzsche ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Moral Standards ◽  
The Social ◽  
Structural Aspects ◽  
Do So

The article focuses on redefining the social genesis of ressentiment. The concept of ressentiment, widely used today in the form shaped by Friedrich Nietzsche and fine-grained by Max Scheler, turns out to be both overly and insufficiently connected to the social structure of the societies, for the analysis of which it is used. The reason is that although Nietzsche’s and Scheler’s ideas about ressentiment refer to the socio-structural aspects of its genesis, they do so in a contradictory and incorrect manner. Without noticing their own contradictions, both thinkers elevate genesis of ressentiment to the moral standards of the lower classes. Using the examples of younger heirs and bastards of the medieval aristocratic families, as well as the examples of other relatively privileged social groups, the author shows that one should rather seek the genesis of ressentiment within higher social strata. At the same time, the author shows that the moral feelings and behavioral strategies germane to ressentiment can be adopted and are adopted by representatives of other classes. In this form, it attracts attention in times when the oppressed classes obtain real opportunities to change their position, or, at the very least, they receive reasons to believe that they could achieve more if such an opportunity had been given to them.

Current Postvention Research and Priorities for the Future

Crisis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Andriessen ◽  
Dolores Angela Castelli Dransart ◽  
Julie Cerel ◽  
Myfanwy Maple
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Intercultural Collaboration ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Suicide Bereavement ◽  
Ethical Approval

Abstract. Background: Suicide can have a lasting impact on the social life as well as the physical and mental health of the bereaved. Targeted research is needed to better understand the nature of suicide bereavement and the effectiveness of support. Aims: To take stock of ongoing studies, and to inquire about future research priorities regarding suicide bereavement and postvention. Method: In March 2015, an online survey was widely disseminated in the suicidology community. Results: The questionnaire was accessed 77 times, and 22 records were included in the analysis. The respondents provided valuable information regarding current research projects and recommendations for the future. Limitations: Bearing in mind the modest number of replies, all from respondents in Westernized countries, it is not known how representative the findings are. Conclusion: The survey generated three strategies for future postvention research: increase intercultural collaboration, increase theory-driven research, and build bonds between research and practice. Future surveys should include experiences with obtaining research grants and ethical approval for postvention studies.

Silence and Sound in Black Girl Utopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-97
Author(s):  
Alexis Pauline Gumbs
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Black Girl ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Tone Deaf ◽  
At Home

Ladeedah is an audio novella that takes place in a Black utopic space after “the improvised revolution.” Ladeedah is a tone-deaf, rhythm-lacking Black girl in a world where everyone dances and sings at all times. What is Ladeedah's destiny as a quiet, clumsy genius in a society where movement and sound are the basis of the social structure and the definition of freedom? This excerpt from Ladeedah focuses on Ladeedah's attempts to understand the meaning of revolution from her own perspectives—at home, at school, and in her own mind and body.

The Samarin Family and the Parish Question in the Russian Empire. 1860s–1910s

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 235-246
Author(s):  
Alexey L. Beglov
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Church Life ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Church ◽  
Do So

The article examines the contribution of the representatives of the Samarin family to the development of the Parish issue in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The issue of expanding the rights of the laity in the sphere of parish self-government was one of the most debated problems of Church life in that period. The public discussion was initiated by D.F. Samarin (1827-1901). He formulated the “social concept” of the parish and parish reform, based on Slavophile views on society and the Church. In the beginning of the twentieth century his eldest son F.D. Samarin who was a member of the Special Council on the development the Orthodox parish project in 1907, and as such developed the Slavophile concept of the parish. In 1915, A.D. Samarin, who took up the position of the Chief Procurator of the Most Holy Synod, tried to make his contribution to the cause of the parish reforms, but he failed to do so due to his resignation.

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