Recruitment of Non-National Scientists and Engineers in Europe

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-191
Author(s):  
Gill Court ◽  
Nick Jagger
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Research ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
Research Centres

Over the past decade, a number of European Union initiatives have sought to increase the level of contact between scientists and engineers in member states. These initiatives have been associated with increased mobility within Europe, in particular at the student and post-doctoral levels. There has, however, been little research on trends in the recruitment and employment of non-national staff within Europe. This article draws on the results of a survey carried out to investigate the patterns of employment and recruitment of non-national scientists and engineers in European research centres and the factors which lie behind current trends.

Can the European Union Force its Member States to Introduce the Euro?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus D.W. Stoffels
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Convergence Criterion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
New Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

In this study, the author addresses the intriguing, topical but little-studied question of whether the (old and new) EU Member States should, upon accession to the EU, be obliged to introduce the euro. To begin with, he examines—while deliberately ignoring the problematic exchange rate convergence criterion—whether introducing the euro should in principle be obligatory. After having answered this question in the affirmative, he takes a closer look at the exchange rate convergence criterion. He concludes that a country’s formal participation in the ERM II is a necessary but insufficient requirement for that country to meet the exchange rate convergence criterion. However, since ERM II membership is, for its part, voluntary, this also makes a country’s decision to introduce the euro completely voluntary. Accordingly, a Member State like Sweden is entitled to simply circumvent introducing the euro by simply refraining from participating in the ERM II. The author continuously refers to how different groups of Member States have been treated in the past with regard to them introducing the euro.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE ECHTA/ECAHI PROJECT

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egon Jonsson ◽  
H. David Banta ◽  
Chris Henshall ◽  
Laura Sampietro-Colom
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
European Union ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Executive Summary ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Base ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency

Health technology is an indispensable part of any nation's healthcare system. During the past 50 years, all member states that comprise the European Union have increased their technological base for health care, both in terms of knowledge and by investments in equipment, devices, and pharmaceuticals. Generally, this process has gone well. However, several problems have emerged related to the acquisition, diffusion, and use of modern health technology. Concerns have been also raised about the effectiveness and efficiency of already established procedures in health care.

scholarly journals Strategic Partnership between the European Union and Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Kitti Füzesi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Energy Cooperation ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Eu

The EU–Brazil Strategic Partnership established in 2007 was the result of a long process. Within the framework of the Strategic Partnership the negotiations were carried out in three levels, between the Union and Brazil, the EU and Mercosur, and Brazil and the Member States of the Union. From the several important objectives specified at the yearly organised high-level summits the paper emphasises two areas, the economic and trade cooperation, and the energy cooperation. In the past thirteen years significant improvement could be experienced in both sectors.

scholarly journals Calls published for the Marie Curie scheme under FP6 to improve mobility of researchers within the European Research Area

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Collective Editorial team
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Research Area ◽  
European Research Area ◽  
Marie Curie ◽  
European Research ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Candidate Countries

If the European Research Area is to function successfully, researchers from European Union (EU) member states, EU candidate countries, and other associated states need to be able to move easily and quickly between the countries for research and work purposes.

scholarly journals The growth of terrorist attacks with using vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 265-269
Author(s):  
Gabriel Nowacki ◽  
Krzysztof Olejnik ◽  
Bartosz Zakrzewski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
European Union Member States

Paper discussed the terrorist threats, including in particular attacks using vehicles. An analysis of terrorist attacks in the field of terrorist strategy and tactics was made, taking into account statistical data from 2016. Data on the number of terrorist attacks, victims and wounded people in the world and in the European Union over the past years were presented, presenting the ranking of the Institute of Economics and Peace. In addition, terrorist attacks with the use of vehicles in the world and the European Union member states were discussed.

PRICE OF ALCOHOL IN EU MEMBER STATES – AFFORDABILITY OF ALCOHOLIC PRODUCTS AND ROLE OF EXCISE DUTIES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fanta ◽  
◽  
Radek Soběhart ◽  
Aleš Rod ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Excise Duties

This research paper focuses on alcoholic beverages and their price affordability between 2000-2016 in the member states of the European Union. Based on the data from OECD, WHO, Eurostat, and the European Commission, the paper primarily discusses development of prices and consumption of alcoholic products, level of excise duties, and the development of average wages. Overall alcohol consumption has decreased in most EU member states over the past two decades, even though price affordability has increased due to relatively dynamic development of average wages. As consumption of alcohol products is decreasing, producers of alcoholic beverages are now pushed to increase the prices of alcoholic products to keep their level of revenues, which means that the price of alcohol is growing naturally. Those facts raise a question about the role of excise duties on alcohol, whether it is an effective tool for reducing alcohol consumption or just a fiscal tool, whose further increases might lead to market distortions.

Het moeilijke keren van een kolos de Europese Unie in 1995

Res Publica ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 38 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 607-630
Author(s):  
Bart Kerremans
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Economic And Monetary Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Eu

In 1995 the newly enlarged European Union has proved to be capable to handle its problems and to take decisions in a large array of issues. The EU tried to cope with unemployment, continued the preparation of the third stage of the Economic and Monetary Union, adopted its 1996 budget decisions relatively smoothly, and intensified its relations with different parts of the world. On the other hand however, enlargement itself is increasingly affecting the Union as it preparing itself for the upcoming accession of some of its Central European and Mediterranean neighbors. The northern member states look with some suspicion at the budgetary consequences and already show a lot of restraint in paying more to the EU-budget, for the sake of their southern counterparts. Some member states are looking for a balanced enlargement in which the eastern enlargement would be counterbalanced by a Mediterranean one, and for a balance in the financial support that is provided by the EU to third countries. The biggest issue is however, the institutional adaptation of the European Union to a new enlargement. The preparations of the 1996 Intergovernmental Conferencethat took place in 1995, have shown however, that this process will be a difficult one. With the 1995 enlargement, the European Union has increased the number ofmember states that perceive the process of European integration primarily as an economic one. This will make institutional adaptations more difficult and risks to paralyze the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the Union even more than it already did in the past few years. Stated differently, 1995 has left a number of question marks on the EU's future. Whether these will disappear soon, 1996 will show.

The Transition to a New EU Plant Protection Regime – Legal Problems in the Regulatory Field

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-414
Author(s):  
Gérardine Garçon
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Common Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Council Directive ◽  
The Common

The plant protection law within the European Union has been continuously developed over the past two decades. Whereas harmonized provisions for the placing of plant protection products on the common market were introduced by Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 (hereinafter the “Directive”), almost two decades later, a revision of the Directive has been passed which takes, in order to ensure consistency throughout the Member States and to provide for simplification, the form of a regulation. Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market (hereinafter the “Regulation”) was adopted on 21 October 2009.

Mehr als ein neues Krankheitsbild: Warum die Corona-Krise für die Europäische Union historisch neuartig ist

IG ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-332
Author(s):  
Hartmut Kaelble
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Europäische Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Eu

The COVID-19 pandemic poses new challenges for the European Union (EU). It is not a repetition of previous crises of European integration. The expectations, but also the confidence of the EU citizens are higher. Divergences between Member States tend to be greater, social inequalities are more complex and the pressure from outside more hostile. At the same time, the EU has gained more experience with crises over the past decade than before, reacts to the current crisis more quickly as well as more supranationally, and - unlike in earlier crises - so far appears globally not as a “sick man”, but as a crisis solver.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document