Exploring the association of riders’ physical attributes with comfortable riding posture and optimal riding position

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110125
Author(s):  
Muthiah Arunachalam ◽  
Ashish Kumar Singh ◽  
Sougata Karmakar
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Frame Size ◽  
Design Attributes ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Significant Regression ◽  
The Relationship

In recent years, there has been a keen interest in the design improvisation of motorcycles. However, the theoretical model of association between motorcycle design attributes (like frame size/riding position) and rider’s physical attributes (like anthropometry, range of motion (ROM), and comfort joint angles) are not well established. This study aims to estimate the relationship between rider’s physical attributes and motorcycle design attributes. During this experimental study, the data was collected from 120 motorcyclists (aged between 19 and 44 years) belonging to 20 major states of India. A test-rig was fabricated to obtain the perceived comfort posture and position data using image processing technique. The anthropometry and ROM were manually measured and verified by reliability testing. The principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression were used to reduce the set of variables and estimate the relationship between 10 comfortable riding position and joint angles (as dependent variables), and the reduced set of 29 anthropometry and 20 ROM measurements (as the independent variables). These results indicate that the comfort joint angles and riding position were significantly associated with the anthropometrics and ROM of the riders. Highly significant regression models were formulated to examine the relationship between the comfort joint angles/riding position and the anthropometrics and ROM of the riders. The findings may support the motorcycle designers to design a comfortable motorcycle complying with Indian anthropometry and ROM.

Design and modeling of an electromagnetic launcher for weft insertion system

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 834-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emad Owlia ◽  
Seyed Abbas Mirjalili ◽  
Mostafa Shahnazari
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Weft Yarn ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Projectile Velocity ◽  
Electromagnetic Launcher ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Specific Amount

An electromagnetic launcher can be used as an accelerator for yarn attached to a ferromagnetic projectile. As a result, yarn endures a specific amount of tension. In addition to the yarn variables and the type of weft insertion system, the parameters of the weft yarn accelerator strongly affect the weft yarn velocity, its tension, and consequently the fabric quality. An applicable model that can represent the relationship between input and output parameters of this weft insertion system is very useful for predicting the strike of the projectile. Therefore, in this research a 3D imitating launching model was developed by the finite element method. A coil electromagnetic launcher was employed. An experimental methodology using an image-processing technique was also utilized to measure the projectile velocity. Numerical results were compared with experimental results to verify the numerical procedure. A validated model can be a reliable tool to investigate the effects of many process parameters on the strike of the projectile and to optimize them. Therefore, the system parameters can be scientifically defined by this model to insert a weft yarn.

scholarly journals Analysis of skull morphometric characters in diurnal raptors (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes)

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor Pecsics ◽  
Miklós Laczi ◽  
Gergely Nagy ◽  
Tamás Kondor ◽  
Tibor Csörgő
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Prey Preference ◽  
Skull Morphology ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Lacrimal Bone ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Predatory Birds ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Diurnal birds of prey (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes) has traditionally been known as comprising a single order. Recently, this classification has been used in the non-taxonomic sense as referring to a convergent group of birds that are largely classified as predatory birds. Although these birds are similar in their morphology, the species differ in their foraging methods and prey preference. The cranial shape and the physical attributes determine the efficiency of the resource use. The aim of this study is to increase our knowledge of the relationship between skull shape, prey preference, and foraging habits. A geometric morphometric approach was used to analyse two-dimensional cranial landmarks. We used principal component (PC) analyses on measurements that may be related to prey preference and foraging habits. The PCs are resulted described the relative height of the skull and beak, the variation in the relative size, the orientation and robustness of the lacrimal bone, the variation in the relative size of the neurocranium compared to the viscerocranium, and the orientation of the palatine bone. The dietary categories significantly overlap. The skull morphology reflects more on foraging habits than diet or prey preference.

Visualization of oxygen level inside a single cardiac myocyte

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (6) ◽  
pp. H2561-H2568 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Takahashi ◽  
K. Doi
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cardiac Myocyte ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cell Conversion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reduced Forms

The present paper describes theoretical and experimental bases for quantitation of the oxygen level inside a single isolated ventricular rat myocyte. We applied three-wavelength microspectrophotometry to a single cardiomyocyte, where the sensitivity of the spectrophotometry was augmented by a digital image processing technique known as video-enhanced microscopy. Oxygen-dependent changes in light absorption of the intracellular pigments were detected and represented with the use of a newly defined variable, Z, where one pixel of the reconstructed cell image corresponded to 0.2 microns. Theoretically, Z is a single-valued function of the fractional oxygen saturation of the intracellular pigment. We demonstrated in quiescent cardiomyocytes that Z changed according to extracellular PO2, where the relationship was sigmoidal with the extracellular PO2 for a half-maximal Z of 3.2 Torr. In the aerobic cell, conversion of cytochromes to the reduced forms by NaCN did not affect Z value. Therefore, we conclude that Z mainly represents the fractional oxygen saturation of myoglobin, thus reporting cytosolic PO2. We also demonstrated that for extracellular PO2 of 1.3 Torr, abolition of mitochondrial oxygen consumption by NaCN significantly elevated the intracellular oxygen level, suggesting existence of oxygen pressure gradients in a quiescent single cardiomyocyte that were proportional to oxygen flux.

Experiments on spin-up and spin-down on a β-plane

1994 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
pp. 153-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Jillians ◽  
T. Maxworthy
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Homogeneous Fluid ◽  
Video Record ◽  
Homogeneous Models ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Here we study the spin-up and spin-down of a homogeneous fluid with a free surface on an experimental ‘β-plane’ and describe the important features for both cases over a range of parameters. Quantitative values are found for the velocity fields using a new image processing technique that analyses a video record of particle motion and stores the results digitally. Streamlines, pressure fields and vorticity values are found by interpolation techniques and result in a complete description of the flow characteristics. We discuss the relationship between the results of these experiments and those observed in large-scale homogeneous models of ocean circulation, e.g. Moore (1963). This study extends the work of van Heijst et al. (1990) to the case of spin-up in a rectangular container but of non-uniform depth and we note the differences to and similarities with their observations. It is related, also, to more recent results of Maas et al. (1992), who considered spin-up on a β-plane but in a tank of very different proportions to the one considered here.

scholarly journals AN IMAGE-PROCESSING TECHNIQUE FOR GLAUCOMA DETECTION ON THE BASIS OF OPHTHALMIC IMAGES

2015 ◽  
pp. 165-171
Author(s):  
Maroua Ben Mansour ◽  
Yosra Mlouhi ◽  
Imed Jabri ◽  
Tahar Battikh ◽  
Lotfi Maalej ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Technique ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Motif Analysis ◽  
Morphological Filters ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Glaucoma Detection ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Determining Factor

In this paper, a new strategy of observation and analysis of the ophthalmologic images in order to detect the glaucoma is presented. In fact, we have treated the imagery applied to the Retina and we were able to develop some algorithm of digital image treatment, and the motif analysis techniques for the detection of the optic disc. And to do this, we have exploited the pretreatment of the image techniques such as morphological filters to improve the quality of the image and the Canny filter for the edge detection. Under the framework of the detection of circular shapes, we have opted the use of Algorithm which is the most famous detector of shapes and Hough Transform to detect the Papilla and Excavation. All these images will be applied on the fundus in order to create software illustrating some techniques of the image treatment, capable of determining precisely the relationship between the excavation diameter and the Papilla diameter which is a determining factor in the diagnosis of the Glaucoma.

Fuming Acid Based Decapsulation Process for Copper-Aluminum Wirebond System Molded With Different EMCs

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Lall ◽  
Shantanu Deshpande ◽  
Luu Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Principal Component Regression ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Gold Wire ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Wire Diameter ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Molding Compound ◽  
Fuming Nitric Acid

Decapsulation is one of the very powerful technique in failure analysis process. During this process, die and first level interconnects are exposed by dissolving molding compound around them using variety of methods. Typically decapsulation formulation uses red fuming nitric acid at elevated temperatures. This technique work for traditional Gold wire bonds, but does not work for its new alternative Copper. Gold, being inert metal does not react with acid. Copper on the other hand; tends to react with fuming nitric acid, and dissolves rapidly into acid. It is important to develop acid chemistry that can be successfully used to perform decapsulation of Cu-Al incorporated packages for different EMC’s. In this paper, decap process based on combination of red fuming nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid at elevated temperatures is presented. Reduction in wire diameter was monitored for all devices. For some devices decap process was evaluated based on comparison of WB shear strength of decaped part with unmolded part. SEM was used extensively to track down degradation of copper wires. These tests were performed on packages with different EMC’s, wire diameters, pad thickness and some active dies. Statistical principal components regression model has been developed correlating the decapsulation process parameters with the post decap wire diameter reduction. Principal component regression in conjunction with stepwise regression has been used to identify the influential variables, and to remove the multicollinearity between the predictor variables. Principal component analysis which combines two correlated variables into a single factor is a widely used image processing technique for pattern recognition and image compression. The post molded packages have then used to assess the effect of various decapsulation treatments.

scholarly journals A Research for Evaluation of Life Span of a Tire through Image Processing Technique.

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S11) ◽  
pp. 2492-2496
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Gray Level ◽  
The Road ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Value Decomposition

The tire component of a car is the only one which is in direct contact with the road. They become defective because of factors like driver’s driving, wear out, pressure, overheating, wheel alignment. When the tire is worn, the threads shallow up and can cause the failure of the tires hence reducing safety. A new tire has the capacity of absorbing the heat whereas; the old tire does not absorb the heat and hence is prone to damages. Gray level changes in the image of the tire before and after its surface deformation are found. These changes predict the life of the tire, "more the gray level changes lesser is the life span of the tire and vice-versa". These gray level changes can be found out by using "SVD" The surface deformation of a tire is found by using SVD (Single value decomposition) with PCA(Principal component analysis) algorithm. PCA is used for the sake of Dimensionality Reduction. The principal components depending upon the variance of each training samples and the test samples help in the analysis of its life span. This paper proposes a robust image processing technique developed using the MatLab platform for nondestructive testing of a tire

A New Image Processing Technique for STEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 432-433
Author(s):  
Yasushi Kokubo ◽  
Hirotami Koike ◽  
Teruo Someya
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Elastic Scattering ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Energy Analyzer ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron

One of the advantages of scanning electron microscopy is the capability for processing the image contrast, i.e., the image processing technique. Crewe et al were the first to apply this technique to a field emission scanning microscope and show images of individual atoms. They obtained a contrast which depended exclusively on the atomic numbers of specimen elements (Zcontrast), by displaying the images treated with the intensity ratio of elastically scattered to inelastically scattered electrons. The elastic scattering electrons were extracted by a solid detector and inelastic scattering electrons by an energy analyzer. We noted, however, that there is a possibility of the same contrast being obtained only by using an annular-type solid detector consisting of multiple concentric detector elements.

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