Optimization of small aircraft parameters in the initial phase of the project

2017 ◽  
Vol 231 (12) ◽  
pp. 2248-2258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Iwaniuk ◽  
Witold Wiśniowski
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Direct Operating Cost ◽  
Basic Performance ◽  
Aircraft Aerodynamics ◽  
Environment Cost ◽  
Small Aircraft

Conceptual and preliminary designs of future aircraft have become increasingly complex due to the enlargement of the basic criteria for evaluating emerging solutions. In the past, the basic performance characteristics of an airplane were the only selection criteria. Today, more and more emphasis is placed on factors such as impact on the environment, cost-effectiveness, or comfort of travel. The method for optimization of the key parameters of a small aircraft for use in the initial phase of a project is presented in this paper. It takes into account the requirements of aviation safety imposed by the European Union certification specifications CS-23 and requirements of aircraft competitiveness. Requirements and design assumptions were formulated based on the concept of the Small Air Transport system (SATs). The method is based on the multidisciplinary design optimization and covers the basic areas related to the design of aircraft: aerodynamics, aircraft structure, performance and expected operating costs. The objective function is defined as the value of the direct operating cost per passenger-kilometre. An evolutionary algorithm was applied to solve the optimization problem. As an example of the use of this method, the optimization of design parameters of the two classes of aircraft, 9-seater and 19-seater was carried out. The results were compared with the parameters of aircraft, which are in service. Sensitivity analysis of the objective function with respect to selected parameters of the aircraft was also made. The analysis allowed to select the most important parameters responsible for the operational costs.

Second Law Based Optimization of Micro Gas Turbine (MGT) Cycle for Residental Application Using a Genetic Algorithm

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Enadi ◽  
P. Ahmadi ◽  
F. Atabi ◽  
M. R. Heibati
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Isentropic Efficiency

Exergoeconomic analysis helps designers to find ways to improve the performance of a system in a cost effective way. Most of the conventional exergoeconomic optimization methods are iterative in nature and require the interpretation of the designer at each iteration. In this work, a cogeneration system that produces 50MW of electricity and 33.3 kg/s of saturated steam at 13 bars is optimized using exergoeconomic principles and evolutionary programming such as Genetic algorithm. The optimization program is developed in Matlab Software programming. The plant is comprised of a gas turbine, air compressor, combustion chamber, and air pre-heater as well as a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG).The design Parameters of the plant, were chosen as: compressor pressure ratio (rc), compressor isentropic efficiency (ηac), gas turbine isentropic efficiency (ηgt), combustion chamber inlet temperature (T3), and turbine inlet temperature (T4). In order to optimally find the design parameters a thermoeconomic approach has been followed. An objective function, representing the total cost of the plant in terms of dollar per second, was defined as the sum of the operating cost, related to the fuel consumption. Subsequently, different pars of objective function have been expressed in terms of decision variables. Finally, the optimal values of decision variables were obtained by minimizing the objective function using Evolutionary algorithm such as Genetic Algorithm. The influence of changes in the demanded power on the design parameters has been also studied for 50, 60, 70 MW of net power output.

Model updating of finite element model using optimisation routine

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 665-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bimo Prananta ◽  
Toni Kanakis ◽  
Jos Vankan ◽  
Rien van Houten
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Mode Shape ◽  
Model Updating ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Shape Error ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Small Aircraft

Purpose The present paper aims to describe the model updating of a small aircraft dynamic finite element model (FEM) to improve its agreement with ground vibration test (GVT) data. Design/methodology/approach An automatic updating method using an optimization procedure is carried out. Instead of using dedicated updating tools, the procedure is implemented using standard MSC/NASTRAN because of wide availability of the software in small aircraft industries. The objective function is defined to minimize the differences in the natural frequency and the differences in the mode shape between the analytical model and the GVT data. Provision has been made to include the quantification of confidence in both the GVT data and in the initial model. Parameter grouping is carried out to reduce the number of design parameters during the optimization process. Findings The optimization module of standard finite element (FE) software can be effectively used to reduce the differences between the GVT and the FEM in terms of frequency and mode shape satisfactorily. The strategy to define the objective function based on minimizing the mode shape error can reduce the improvement in the frequency error. The required user interference can be kept low. Originality/value The most important contribution of the present paper concerns the combination of strategies to define the objective function and selection of the parameters.

Treatment of Rural Domestic Sewage by Solar Ozonic Ecological Sewage Treatment Plant

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3393-3399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Yan Ming Yang ◽  
Yun Long Li ◽  
Jian Qiu Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Average Percentage

The process technique and design parameters of project of Solar Ozonic Ecological Sewage Treatment Plant (short for SOESTP) which consists of anaerobic reactor, horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetlands(CWs) and the combination of solar power and ozone disinfection are described, the paper further examines the removal efficiency for treating rural domestic sewage, running expense and recycling ability of product water. The results show that the average percentage removal values of CODcr，BOD5，SS，TN，NH3-N，TP range from 95.6% to 98.0%, 96.0% to 98.7%, 93.1% to 96.1%, 97.0% to 98.9%, 96.9% to 99.5%, 98.2% to 99.6%, respectively, the reduction of fecal coliform (FC) reaches 99.9%, the effluent quality meets the first level A criteria specified in Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant（GB18918-2002）. The running cost of SOESTP is 0.063yuan/ m3, saves much more than traditional sewage treatment, and the ozone water obtained from the reservoir will be an ideal choice for disinfection .The system has characteristics of easy manipulation, low operating cost, achieving advanced water, energy conservation and environment protection, is thought to be very suitable for use as the promotion of rural small - scale sewage treatment.

scholarly journals Enabling the potential of hybrid electric propulsion through lean-burn-combustion turbofans

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 164-176
Author(s):  
Stavros Vouros ◽  
Mavroudis Kavvalos ◽  
Smruti Sahoo ◽  
Konstantinos Kyprianidis
Keyword(s):  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Lean Direct Injection ◽  
Direct Operating Cost ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
The Impact

Hybrid-electric propulsion has emerged as a promising technology to mitigate the adverse environmental impact of civil aviation. Boosting conventional gas turbines with electric power improves mission performance and operability. In this work the impact of electrification on pollutant emissions and direct operating cost of geared turbofan configurations is evaluated for an 150-passenger aircraft. A baseline two-and-a-half-shaft geared turbofan, representative of year 2035 entry-into-service technology, is employed. Parallel hybridization is implemented through coupling a battery-powered electric motor to the engine low-speed shaft. A multi-disciplinary design space exploration framework is employed comprising modelling methods for multi-point engine design, aircraft sizing, performance and pollutant emissions, mission and economic analysis. A probabilistic approach is developed considering uncertainties in the evaluation of direct operating cost. Sensitivities to electrical power system technology levels, as well as fuel price and emissions taxation are quantified at different time-frames. The benefits of lean direct injection are explored along short-, medium-, and long-range missions, demonstrating 32% NO<italic><sub>x</sub></italic> savings compared to traditional rich-burn, quick-mix, lean-burn technologies in short-range operations. The impact of electrification on the enhancement of lean direct injection benefits is investigated. For hybrid-electric powerplants, the take-off-to-cruise turbine entry temperature ratio is 2.5% lower than the baseline, extending the corresponding NO<italic><sub>x</sub></italic> reductions to the level of 46% in short-range missions. This work sheds light on the environmental and economic potential and limitations of a hybrid-electric propulsion concept towards a greener and sustainable civil aviation.

Next Generation Turboprop Gearboxes

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. McIntire ◽  
D. A. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Operating Cost ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Reduction Ratio ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Aircraft Systems ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Direct Operating Cost ◽  
New Generation

A new generation of fuel-efficient turboprop propulsion systems is under consideration now that fuel is a significant portion of the direct operating cost of aircraft. Systems in the 5000- to 15,000-hp (3730- to 11,185-kW) range that use conventional propellers or the new propfan are being studied. Reduction gearing for this next generation of turboprops is of significant interest due to new requirements for cruise speed life, and reliability. Detroit Diesel Allison’s past experience with the T56 family of turboprop reduction gearboxes is recounted. Probable requirements of the next generation of reduction gearboxes are discussed since new requirements for gearboxes combined with past experience should determine the profile of the next generation of gearboxes. A discussion of gearbox general arrangement and its impact on airframe installation is included, along with comments on reduction ratio, gear arrangement, accessory drives, reliability goals, and probable technology needs.

The Effect of Different Optimization Methods on Robustness for Robust Optimization Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 721 ◽  
pp. 464-467
Author(s):  
Tao Fu ◽  
Qin Zhong Gong ◽  
Da Zhen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Robust Optimization ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Robust Design ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Robust Optimization Design

In view of robustness of objective function and constraints in robust design, the method of maximum variation analysis is adopted to improve the robust design. In this method, firstly, we analyses the effect of uncertain factors in design variables and design parameters on the objective function and constraints, then calculate maximum variations of objective function and constraints. A two-level optimum mathematical model is constructed by adding the maximum variations to the original constraints. Different solving methods are used to solve the model to study the influence to robustness. As a demonstration, we apply our robust optimization method to an engineering example, the design of a machine tool spindle. The results show that, compared with other methods, this method of HPSO(hybrid particle swarm optimization) algorithm is superior on solving efficiency and solving results, and the constraint robustness and the objective robustness completely satisfy the requirement, revealing that excellent solving method can improve robustness.

scholarly journals Thermal-economic multiobjective optimization of heat pipe heat exchanger for energy recovery in HVAC applications using genetic algorithm

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (suppl.2) ◽  
pp. 375-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepehr Sanaye ◽  
Davood Modarrespoor
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Heat Pipe ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Pipe Length ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Continuous And Discrete Variables ◽  
Pipe Heat

Cost and effectiveness are two important factors of heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHE) design. The total cost includes the investment cost for buying equipment (heat exchanger surface area) and operating cost for energy expenditures (related to fan power). The HPHE was thermally modeled using e-NTU method to estimate the overall heat transfer coefficient for the bank of finned tubes as well as estimating pressure drop. Fast and elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with continuous and discrete variables was applied to obtain the maximum effectiveness and the minimum total cost as two objective functions. Pipe diameter, pipe length, numbers of pipes per row, number of rows, fin pitch and fin length ratio were considered as six design parameters. The results of optimal designs were a set of multiple optimum solutions, called ?Pareto optimal solutions?. The comparison of the optimum values of total cost and effectiveness, variation of optimum values of design parameters as well as estimating the payback period were also reported for various inlet fresh air volume flow rates.

Multi-Field Characterization of Single Wall Nano-Tube Composites for Hydrogen Storage

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Michopoulos ◽  
Sam G. Lambrakos ◽  
Nick E. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Linear Optimization ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Extensive Experimental Data

The goal of the present work is three fold. Firstly to create the forward continuum model of a multi-species diffusing system under simultaneous presence of chemical reactivity and temperature as the general case of all hydrogen storage systems. Secondly, cast the problem of hydrogen storage in a pragmatic product-design context where the appropriate design parameters of the system are determined via appropriate optimization methods that utilize extensive experimental data encoding the behavior of the system. Thirdly, demonstrate this methodology on characterizing certain systemic parameters. Thus, the context of the work presented is defined by a data-driven characterization of coupled heat and mass diffusion models of hydrogen storage systems from a multiphysics perspective at the macro length scale. In particular, a single wall nanotube (SWNT) based composite is modeled by coupled partial differential equations representing spatio-temporal evolution of distributions of temperature and hydrogen concentration. Analytical solutions of these equations are adopted for an inverse analysis that defines a non-linear optimization problem for determining the parameters of the model by objective function minimization. Experimentally acquired and model produced data are used to construct the system’s objective function. Simulations to demonstrate the applicability of the methodology and a discussion of its potential extension to multi-scale and manufacturing process optimization are also presented.

Application of the Geared Turbofan With Constant Volume Combustor on Short-Range Aircraft: A Feasibility Study

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Colmenares Quintero ◽  
Rob Brink ◽  
Stephen Ogaji ◽  
Pericles Pilidis ◽  
Juan Carlos Colmenares Quintero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Constant Volume ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Wave Rotor ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Direct Operating Cost ◽  
Combustion Technology ◽  
Further Development

Recently a considerable effort was made to understand the gas- and thermodynamics of wave rotor combustion technology. Pressure-gain combustors potentially have superior performance over conventional combustors due to their unsteady flow behaviour. Wave rotor combustion provides semi-constant volume combustion and could be integrated in the steady-flow gas turbine. However, a feasibility study to assess the economical and environmental aspects of this concept has not been conducted for short-range missions. Preliminary Multidisciplinary Design Framework was developed to assess novel and radical engine cycles. The tool comprises modules to evaluate noise, emissions and environmental impact. Uncertainty can be accounted for with Monte Carlo simulation. The geared turbofan with constant volume combustor is simulated and benchmarked against a baseline geared turbofan engine. Results indicate that the former complies with CAEP/6 and FAR Part 36 regulations for noise and emissions. Furthermore, acquisition cost of the engine is higher, but engine direct operating cost decreases by 25.2%. The technology requires further development to meet future noise and emissions requirements.

Effect of Design Parameters on the Performance of Thermal Energy Storage Systems

Solar Energy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor P. Henze
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy Storage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Wide Range

This paper describes simulation-based results of a large-scale investigation of a commercial cooling plant including a thermal energy storage system. A cooling plant with an ice-on-coil system with external melt and a reciprocating compressor operating in a large office building was analyzed under four different control strategies. Optimal control as the strategy that minimizes the total operating cost (demand and energy charges) served as a benchmark to assess the performance of the three conventional controls. However, all control strategies depend on properly selected design parameters. The storage and chiller capacities as the primary design parameters were varied over a wide range and the dependence of the system’s cost saving performance on these parameters was evaluated.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document