scholarly journals Genetics, the Rearing Environment, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce: A Swedish National Adoption Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica E. Salvatore ◽  
Sara Larsson Lönn ◽  
Jan Sundquist ◽  
Kristina Sundquist ◽  
Kenneth S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Environment Effect ◽  
Rearing Environment ◽  
Adoption Study ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission Of Divorce

We used classical and extended adoption designs in Swedish registries to disentangle genetic and rearing-environment influences on the intergenerational transmission of divorce. In classical adoption analyses, adoptees ( n = 19,715) resembled their biological parents, rather than their adoptive parents, in their history of divorce. In extended adoption analyses, offspring ( n = 82,698) resembled their not-lived-with fathers and their lived-with mothers. There was stronger resemblance to lived-with mothers, providing indirect evidence of rearing-environment influences on the intergenerational transmission of divorce. The heritability of divorce assessed across generations was 0.13. We attempted to replicate our findings using within-generation data from adoptive and biological siblings ( ns = 8,523–53,097). Adoptees resembled their biological, not adoptive, siblings in their history of divorce. Thus, there was consistent evidence that genetic factors contributed to the intergenerational transmission of divorce but weaker evidence for a rearing-environment effect of divorce. Within-generation data from siblings supported these conclusions.

scholarly journals A Swedish national adoption study of criminality

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1913-1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler ◽  
S. Larsson Lönn ◽  
N. A. Morris ◽  
J. Sundquist ◽  
N. Långström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Adoption Study ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
History Of

BackgroundTo clarify the role of genetic and environmental factors in criminal behavior (CB), we examined all CB and violent and non-violent subtypes (VCB and NVCB, respectively) in a Swedish national sample of adoptees and their relatives.MethodCB was defined by a conviction in the Swedish Crime Register with standard definitions for VCB and NVCB subtypes. We examined adoptees born 1950–1991 (n = 18 070) and their biological (n = 79 206) and adoptive (n = 47 311) relatives.ResultsThe risk for all CB was significantly elevated in the adopted-away offspring of biological parents of which at least one had CB [odds ratio (OR) 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–1.6] and in the biological full and half-siblings of CB adoptees (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.6 and OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2–1.3, respectively). A genetic risk index (including biological parental/sibling history of CB and alcohol abuse) and an environmental risk index (including adoptive parental and sibling CB and a history of adoptive parental divorce, death, and medical illness) both strongly predicted probability of CB. These genetic and environmental risk indices acted additively on adoptee risk for CB. Moderate specificity was seen in the transmission of genetic risk for VCB and NVCB between biological parents and siblings and adoptees.ConclusionsCB is etiologically complex and influenced by a range of genetic risk factors including a specific liability to CB and a vulnerability to broader externalizing behaviors, and by features of the adoptive environment including parental CB, divorce and death. Genetic risk factors for VCB and NVCB may be at least partially distinct.

Nature, Nurture, and Cognitive Development from 1 to 16 Years: A Parent-Offspring Adoption Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 442-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Plomin ◽  
David W. Fulker ◽  
Robin Corley ◽  
John C DeFries
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Adoption Study ◽  
Biological Parents

Children increasingly resemble their parents in cognitive abilities from infancy through adolescence Results obtained from a 20-year longitudinal adoption study of 245 adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents, as well as 245 matched nonadoptive (control) parents and offspring, show that this increasing resemblance is due to genetic factors Adopted children resemble their adoptive parents slightly in early childhood but not at all in middle childhood or adolescence In contrast, during childhood and adolescence, adopted children become more like their biological parents, and to the same degree as children and parents in control families Although these results were strongest for general cognitive ability and verbal ability similar results were found for other specific cognitive abilities—spatial ability, speed of processing, and recognition memory These findings indicate that within this population, genes that stably affect cognitive abilities in adulthood do not all come into play until adolescence and that environmental factors that contribute to cognitive development are not correlated with parents' cognitive ability

scholarly journals Nature and Nurture in the Intergenerational Transmission of Socioeconomic Status: Evidence from Swedish Children and Their Biological and Rearing Parents

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Björklund ◽  
Markus Jäntti ◽  
Gary Solon
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Biological Father ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽  
Biological Mother ◽  
Biological Parents

Abstract This study uses an extraordinary Swedish data set to explore the sources of the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status. Merging data from administrative sources and censuses, we investigate the association between sons' and daughters' socioeconomic outcomes and those of their biological and rearing parents. Our analysis focuses on children raised in six different family circumstances: raised by both biological parents, raised by the biological mother without a stepfather, raised by the biological mother with a stepfather, raised by the biological father without a stepmother, raised by the biological father with a stepmother, and raised by two adoptive parents. Relative to the existing literature, the most remarkable feature of our data set is that it contains information on the biological parents even when they are not the rearing parents. We specify a simple additive model of pre-birth (including genetic) and post-birth influences and examine the model's ability to provide a unified account of the intergenerational associations in all six family types. Our results suggest substantial roles for both pre-birth and post-birth factors.

Cocaine use, abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of female twins

1998 ◽  
Vol 173 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Kendler ◽  
Carol A. Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Cocaine Abuse ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Population Based Registry ◽  
Twin Resemblance

BackgroundAlthough cocaine use in women has increased substantially over the past half-century, we understand little about the aetiology in women of cocaine use and abuse, and know almost nothing about the role of genetic factors.MethodWe obtained by telephone interview a history of lifetime cocaine use, abuse and dependence from 1934 individual twins from female–female pairs ascertained through a population-based registry, including both members of 485 monozygotic (MZ) and 335 dizygotic (DZ) pairs.ResultsThe prevalence of lifetime cocaine use, abuse and dependence were 14.0%, 3.3% and 2.3%. Probandwise concordance rates, in MZ and DZ twins, respectively, were: cocaine use 54% and 42%; cocaine abuse 47% and 8% and cocaine dependence 35% and 0%. In MZ and DZ twins, odds ratios were: cocaine use 14.2 and 6.7 and cocaine abuse 40.8 and 2.7. Biometrical model-fitting suggested that twin resemblance for liability to cocaine use was due to both genetic and familial–environmental factors while twin resemblance for cocaine abuse and symptoms of dependence was due solely to genetic factors. Estimated heritabilities were: cocaine use 0.39, cocaine abuse 0.79 and symptoms of dependence 0.65.ConclusionsThe vulnerability to cocaine use and particularly cocaine abuse and dependence in women is substantially influenced by genetic factors.

scholarly journals Familial Aggregation of Psoriasis and Co-Aggregation of Autoimmune Diseases in Affected Families

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Huei Huang ◽  
Chang-Fu Kuo ◽  
Lu-Hsiang Huang ◽  
Mei-Yun Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Genetic Contribution ◽  
Degree Relative ◽  
Nationwide Study ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
History Of

Psoriasis is considered to result from the interaction of genetic factors and environmental exposure. The evidence for familial aggregation in psoriasis has been reported but population-based studies related to the magnitude of genetic contribution to psoriasis are rare. This study aimed to evaluate the relative risks of psoriasis in individuals with affected relatives and to calculate the proportion of genetic, shared, and non-shared environmental factors contributing to psoriasis. The study cohort included 69,828 patients diagnosed with psoriasis enrolled in National health Insurance in 2010. The adjusted relative risks (RR) for individuals with an affected first-degree relative and affected second-degree relative were 5.50 (95% CI (Confidence Interval), 5.19–5.82) and 2.54 (95% CI, 2.08–3.12) respectively. For those who have affected first-degree relatives, their RR was 1.45 (95% CI, 1.17–1.79) for Sjogren’s syndrome and 1.94 (95% CI, 1.15–3.27) for systemic sclerosis. This nationwide study ascertains that family history of psoriasis is a risk factor for psoriasis. Individuals with relatives affected by psoriasis have higher risks of developing some autoimmune diseases.

scholarly journals Hukum Waris terhadap Anak Adopsi dalam Perspektif Islam

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-106
Author(s):  
Muhammad Lutfi Syarifuddin
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Inheritance Law ◽  
Law System ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
The Family

In practice, in Indonesia children adoption has become a public phenomenon in society and is part of the family law system because it involves individual interests in the family. In the case of adoption, parents need to pay attention to the best interests of the child and be implemented based on local customs, applicable laws and regulations, this has been regulated in Article 39 of the Child Protection Act. Adoption of children is divided into two types, namely adoption of children between Indonesian citizens (domestic adoption) and adoption of Indonesian citizens by foreign citizens (adoption between countries). Appointment of children must be done by legal process, through the establishment or decision of the Court. The research method is normative juridical research. Based on the research results, the inheritance Indonesian citizens rights in the Indonesian inheritance law case are implemented based on Islamic law, adopted children do not inherit from adoptive parents and remain the biological parents. Under customary law, the inheritance of adopted children depends on customary law in the area. By law adoption children do not inherit from adoptive parents, and adopted children remain the heirs of their biological parents.

Woodblock dyeing and printing technology in China, c. 700 A.D.: the innovations of Ms. Liu, and other evidence

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. BARRETT
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
Her Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Woodblock Printing

Francesca Bray has recently pointed to the neglected role of women in the history of Chinese technology. This article takes up one example, and shows that the work of one woman inventor, whose personal name is unknown but whose family name was Liu, may be securely dated to between 712 and 724. From later descriptions it is also possible to discern that her invention (or just possibly the invention of another craftsperson, which she was able to introduce to court circles) consisted of the bringing together of two carefully carved woodblocks to create a resist for dyeing cloth. Ths in turn suggests that she may well have been familiear with woodblock printing, an invention for which there are also other forms of indirect evidence at about the same time. Since her family was relatively prominent, it may in future be possible to find about more about this inventor from genealogical materials.

Abstract 26: Predictors of Atrial Cardiopathy Among Patients in the Arcadia Trial: An Analysis of the First 924 Patients

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell Elkind ◽  
Will Longstreth ◽  
David Tirschwell ◽  
Richard Kronmal ◽  
Seemant Chaturvedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Dose ◽  
Stable Condition ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peripheral Arterial

Background: Atrial cardiopathy (AC) in absence of atrial fibrillation is a suspected cause of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Predictors of AC remain incompletely characterized. We hypothesized that demographics, vascular risk factors, and time from stroke presentation to assessment for AC predict AC among ESUS patients. Methods: ARCADIA is an ongoing, investigator-initiated, NINDS-funded, multicenter, randomized trial of standard dose apixaban versus aspirin 81 mg daily among consented patients with ESUS and biomarker evidence of AC, defined as any of: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) > 250 pg/ml; P wave terminal force velocity on ECG lead V1>5,000 μV*ms; or echocardiographic left atrial diameter index ≥3 cm/m 2 . Patients may be enrolled up to 120 days after stroke. We used multivariable regression modelling to estimate relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (RR, 95%CI) for association of predictors with AC. Results: Among 924 ESUS patients who met inclusion/exclusion criteria as of July 16, 2019, 251 met > 1 AC criterion (164 NT-proBNP, 114 PTFV1, 4 echo). Compared to those without AC (n=673), those with AC were older (69.0 + 14.5 versus 64.0 + 15.0 years) and more often women (52.2% versus 40.9%). Multivariable predictors of AC were age (RR per decade 1.20, 95%CI 1.09-1.32), race (black versus other RR 1.20, 95%CI 0.95-1.52), sex (RR for women 1.22, 95%CI 0.98-1.52), hemoglobin (per unit RR 0.94, 95%CI 0.88-1.01), and cardiovascular/peripheral arterial disease, RR 1.48, 95%CI 1.16-1.88). Prior history of stroke or TIA, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, cancer, sleep apnea, and time from stroke to consent and blood draw for NT-proBNP were not associated with AC. Conclusions: Older age, female sex, black race, relative anemia, and history of vascular disease associate with AC among ESUS patients. Absence of association with time to assessment, particularly testing for NT-proBNP, provides indirect evidence that AC is not a reaction to stroke, but a stable condition, and supports patients being assessed for ARCADIA participation up to 4 months post stroke. The moderate strength of demographic associations with AC further underscores the importance of enrolling unselected ESUS patients into ARCADIA.

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