Nature, Nurture, and Cognitive Development from 1 to 16 Years: A Parent-Offspring Adoption Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 442-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Plomin ◽  
David W. Fulker ◽  
Robin Corley ◽  
John C DeFries
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Adoption Study ◽  
Biological Parents

Children increasingly resemble their parents in cognitive abilities from infancy through adolescence Results obtained from a 20-year longitudinal adoption study of 245 adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents, as well as 245 matched nonadoptive (control) parents and offspring, show that this increasing resemblance is due to genetic factors Adopted children resemble their adoptive parents slightly in early childhood but not at all in middle childhood or adolescence In contrast, during childhood and adolescence, adopted children become more like their biological parents, and to the same degree as children and parents in control families Although these results were strongest for general cognitive ability and verbal ability similar results were found for other specific cognitive abilities—spatial ability, speed of processing, and recognition memory These findings indicate that within this population, genes that stably affect cognitive abilities in adulthood do not all come into play until adolescence and that environmental factors that contribute to cognitive development are not correlated with parents' cognitive ability

The Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development: An Adoption Study of Two and Three-year olds

1988 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Thompson ◽  
Robert Plomin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Adoption Study ◽  
Communication Development ◽  
Biological Mothers ◽  
Sibling Correlations ◽  
Communicative Development ◽  
Using Data

The etiology of individual differences in communicative development is explored using data from 226 adoptive and 224 nonadoptive families in the Colorado Adoption Project. Scores from the Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development (SICD) (Hedrick, Prather, & Tobin, 1975) in 2-and 3-year-old children are compared to concurrent and longitudinal measures of verbal and general cognitive ability and to verbal and general cognitive ability in their parents. Sibling correlations for the SICD and cross-correlations for the SICD and I.Q. in related and unrelated pairs are also examined. Sibling correlations indicate that performance on the SICD is genetically influenced and that the relationship between the SICD and I.Q. at 2 and 3 years of age is in part genetically mediated. At 2 and 3 years of age, SICD scores are related to parental intelligence and verbal ability and this relationship is partially determined by family environmental factors at both ages. At 3 years of age, the SICD scores of adopted children correlates significantly with their biological mothers' general cognitive ability.

scholarly journals Hukum Waris terhadap Anak Adopsi dalam Perspektif Islam

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-106
Author(s):  
Muhammad Lutfi Syarifuddin
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Inheritance Law ◽  
Law System ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
The Family

In practice, in Indonesia children adoption has become a public phenomenon in society and is part of the family law system because it involves individual interests in the family. In the case of adoption, parents need to pay attention to the best interests of the child and be implemented based on local customs, applicable laws and regulations, this has been regulated in Article 39 of the Child Protection Act. Adoption of children is divided into two types, namely adoption of children between Indonesian citizens (domestic adoption) and adoption of Indonesian citizens by foreign citizens (adoption between countries). Appointment of children must be done by legal process, through the establishment or decision of the Court. The research method is normative juridical research. Based on the research results, the inheritance Indonesian citizens rights in the Indonesian inheritance law case are implemented based on Islamic law, adopted children do not inherit from adoptive parents and remain the biological parents. Under customary law, the inheritance of adopted children depends on customary law in the area. By law adoption children do not inherit from adoptive parents, and adopted children remain the heirs of their biological parents.

The Toddler, the Second Adoption, Telling Children About Adoption

2016 ◽  
pp. 111-112
Author(s):  
Donald W. Winnicott
Keyword(s):  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Adopted Child ◽  
First Child ◽  
Biological Parents

In this essay Winnicott discusses the psychology of adoption for parents and child. He writes that it is important to be truthful when talking to adopted children about where they come from, that the adoptive parents are not their biological parents, and that the child was made by nature, and not by magic. If the truth cannot be borne by the adoptive parents, it is very difficult for the adopted child to cope with it. He also considers that adoptive parents wanting a second adoption must go through the selection procedure and other anxieties about choosing to have the adoption, rather than being able to have a child, as it were, normally ‘by accident’. When a mother conceives a second baby, the first child has the experience of mother growing larger over a period of months unlike the case of a second adopted baby that just ‘appears’.

scholarly journals MENGEMBANGKAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF DALAM MENGENAL KONSEP BILANGAN 1 – 10 MELALUI MEDIA TELUR ANGKA PADA ANAK USIA 3 – 4 TAHUN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Mukhlish Safitri ◽  
Intan Prastihastari Wijaya ◽  
Dema Yulianto
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
New Media ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Research Method ◽  
The Third ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

Cognitive ability to recognize the concept of numbers is very important to be introduced early on, so children are accustomed to easily solving simple problems related to numbers. The problem found by researchers is that children have difficulty when asked to numerate objects, numerically order numbers, and connect images of objects with numbers according to the amount. In an effort to address this problem, the educator introduces new media, namely the number egg media made from used materials and designed as attractive as possible so that students were motivated to learn. This study aims to determine whether there is cognitive development in recognizing the concept of numbers 1-10 in children aged 3-4 years in the Playgroup Al-hikmah Kweden Karangrejo Ngasem District Kediri Regency between before and after the action. The research method used is classroom action research conducted in three cycles. This research involved subjects of 3-4 years old children totaling 18 students. The analysis technique in this research is quantitative descriptive technique by comparing learning completeness between the time before and after the action. The results obtained in the first cycle of 50%, and in the second cycle of 63.8%, while in the third cycle of 81.9%. From the results of the study it can be concluded that through the egg media numbers can develop cognitive abilities in recognizing the concept of numbers 1-10 in children aged 3-4 years.

scholarly journals The Early Growth and Development Study: A Prospective Adoption Study From Birth Through Middle Childhood

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 412-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie D. Leve ◽  
Jenae M. Neiderhiser ◽  
Daniel S. Shaw ◽  
Jody Ganiban ◽  
Misaki N. Natsuaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Adoptive Parent ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Development Study ◽  
Adoption Study

The Early Growth and Development Study is a prospective adoption study of birth parents, adoptive parents, and adopted children recruited in two cohorts (N = 561 triads). The primary study aims are to examine how family, peer, and contextual processes affect children's adjustment, and to examine their interplay (mediation, moderation) with genetic influences. Participants were recruited through adoption agencies located throughout the United States following the birth of a child. Assessments are ongoing, in 9-month intervals until the child reaches 3 years of age and in 1-year intervals thereafter through age 9. Data collection includes the following primary constructs: child temperament, social behavior, school performance, mental health, and health; birth and adoptive parent personality characteristics, mental health, competence, stress, health, context, substance use, parenting, and marital relations; and pregnancy use of drugs and maternal stress during pregnancy. DNA and salivary cortisol samples have also been collected. Analyses have indicated evidence for genotype-environment interactions during early childhood. Study procedures, sample representativeness (including tests of potential confounds in the adoption design), and an overview of findings to date are summarized, and future plans are described.

scholarly journals The Early Growth and Development Study: A Prospective Adoption Design

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie D. Leve ◽  
Jenae M. Neiderhiser ◽  
Xiaojia Ge ◽  
Laura V. Scaramella ◽  
Rand D. Conger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Family Processes ◽  
Adoptive Parent ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Development Study ◽  
Adoption Study

AbstractThe Early Growth and Development Study is a prospective adoption study of birth parents, adoptive parents, and adopted children (N = 359 triads) that was initiated in 2003. The primary study aims are to examine how family processes mediate or moderate the expression of genetic influences in order to aid in the identification of specific family processes that could serve as malleable targets for intervention. Participants in the study are recruited through adoption agencies located throughout the United States, following the birth of a child. Assessments occur at 6-month intervals until the child reaches 3 years of age. Data collection includes the following primary constructs: infant and toddler temperament, social behavior, and health; birth and adoptive parent personality characteristics, psychopathology, competence, stress, and substance use; adoptive parenting and marital relations; and prenatal exposure to drugs and maternal stress. Preliminary analyses suggest the representativeness of the sample and minimal confounding effects of current trends in adoption practices, including openness and selective placement. Future plans are described.

scholarly journals Spurious correlations in research on the effects of specific cognitive abilities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimmo Sorjonen ◽  
Bo Melin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Math Ability ◽  
Specific Cognitive Abilities

Studies on the effect of non-g ability residuals have often employed double adjustment for general cognitive ability (g), as they have calculated the ability residuals adjusting for g and then calculated the effect of the non-g residuals while adjusting for g. The present simulations demonstrate that the double adjustments may result in spurious negative associations between the non-g residual on one cognitive ability, e.g. verbal ability, and variables with a positive association with another ability, e.g. SAT math and math ability. In analyses of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), the negative associations between non-g residuals on verbal and math ability and aptitude test scores on the other ability vanished when not double adjusting for g. This indicates that the observed negative associations may be spurious and not due to differential investment of time and effort in one ability at the expense of the other ability, as suggested in the literature. Researchers of the effects of specific abilities are recommended to validate their findings and interpretations with analyses not double adjusting for g.

scholarly journals Comparison Between The Position Of Adopted Children In Islamic Law Inheritance Based On Islamic Law Compilation (KHI) With The Book Of Civil Law

Jurnal Akta ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
Agil Aladdin ◽  
Akhmad Khisni
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Adopted Child ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
Biological Children ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Article 5

This research aims to knowing position adopted child in Islamic Law Compilation with the Book of Civil Law; and Similarities and Differences position adopted children in inheritance of Islamic Law Compilation with the Book of Civil Law; This research method using normative juridical research with comparative approach (comparative). The results were obtained conclusions from Islamic Law Compilation in terms of inheritance, uninterrupted lineage adopted children with biological parents, who turned just the responsibility of the biological parents to the adoptive parents. The adopted child does not become heir of adopted parents. In Gazette No. 129 Of 1917. In Article 5 through Article 15. The position adopted child found in Article 12 to equate a child with a legitimate child of the marriage of the lift. According to the Civil Law for the adopted child the same as for biological children. While in KHI adopted children get as much as 1/3 of the estate left by his adoptive parents (Article 209 KHI) exception has been assigned the consent of all the heirs.Keywords: Heritage; Adopted; Testament.

scholarly journals HARTA WARIS PADA ANAK ANGKAT MENURUT KOMPILASI HUKUM ISLAM DI PENGADILAN AGAMA SAMARINDA

LEGALITAS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Abdul Rokhim
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Inheritance Law ◽  
Humanitarian Mission ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive ◽  
General Adoption

In general, adoption according to law is the transfer of a child to adoptive parents from the biological parents in its entirety and is carried out according to legal local customs. So, the biological parents have let go of the child, and the responsibility shifts to the parents who adopted him. Although the Qur'an does not give adopted children the right to inherit from their adoptive parents, this is regulated in the Compilation of Islamic Law which is a human product from various schools of thought and made as a source of law in our country by providing provisions. that adopted children are entitled to receive a share of the inheritance.The legal position of the adopted child will result in that in general the child will have an inheritance relationship with the adoptive parents and inherit from the original parent will be removed based on Article 209 Paragraph 2 Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), adopted children who do not receive a will will be given mandatory will. The position of adopted children according to Islamic inheritance law is not getting their inheritance rights from their adoptive parents, but still as legitimate children based on a court decision by not deciding the lineage / blood with their biological parents, because the principle of adoption according to the Islamic Law Compilation is a manifestation of faith that carrying a humanitarian mission that is manifested in the form of maintenance in its growth and development by fulfilling all its needs.Regarding the distribution of inheritance in the Compilation of Islamic Law Article 209 paragraph (2) for adopted children who do not receive a will but are given what is called a will, obligatory maximum of 1/3 (one third) of the inheritance of their adoptive parents, as stated in Article 195 paragraph (2) will allow a maximum will of only 1/3 of the inheritance unless all the heirs agree.

Neuroimaging and genetic correlates of cognitive ability and cognitive development in adolescence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart James Ritchie ◽  
Erin Burke Quinlan ◽  
Tobias Banaschewski ◽  
Arun L.W. Bokde ◽  
Sylvane Desrivieres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Polygenic Score ◽  
Cortical Volume ◽  
The Brain

Adolescence is marked by changes in cognitive abilities and in several MRI-based measures of brain structure. This study took an individual-differences approach to help understand adolescent cognitive development in a large-sample longitudinal cohort, the IMAGEN study (initial n = 2,316). We used a latent change score model to assess the associations between levels and changes in the brain’s grey-matter regions and latent general cognitive ability between ages 14 and 19 years. As expected, higher cognitive ability was correlated with higher cortical volume and larger surface area, with more ambiguous results for cortical thickness. Higher-ability participants at age 14 tended to have accelerated subsequent cortical thinning, as well as cortical volume loss. There was no statistically significant link between changes in cognitive ability and changes in the brain measures we used. We also attempted to predict levels and changes in the brain and in cognitive ability using a polygenic score for genetic variants linked to educational attainment: the score was modestly associated with the baseline measures, but did not predict the trajectory of change in any measure to a statistically significant degree. Age-14 cortical volume and surface area—though not cortical thickness—mediated a portion (9-10%) of the association between the polygenic score and age-19 cognitive ability. These findings demonstrate how large-sample data can shed light on the links between brain and cognitive ability in this important phase of the lifespan.

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