scholarly journals Sustained Stress Reduces the Age Advantages in Emotional Experience of Older Adults: Commentary on Carstensen et al. (2020)

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110524
Author(s):  
Rui Sun ◽  
Disa Sauter
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Unavoidable Stress ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Using Data

Older age is characterized by more positive and less negative emotional experience. Recent work by Carstensen et al. (2020) demonstrated that the age advantages in emotional experience have persisted during the COVID-19 pandemic. In two studies, we replicated and extended this work. In Study 1, we conducted a large-scale test of the robustness of Carstensen and colleagues’ findings using data from 23,350 participants in 63 countries. Our results confirm that age advantages in emotions have persisted during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Study 2, we directly compared the age advantages before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a within-participants study ( N = 4,370). We found that the age advantages in emotions decreased during the pandemic. These findings are consistent with theoretical proposals that the age advantages reflect older adults’ ability to avoid situations that are likely to cause negative emotions, which is challenging under conditions of sustained unavoidable stress.

Age Advantages of Emotional Experience during the COVID-19 Pandemic are Robust, but Diminished Compared to Pre-pandemic Conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Sun ◽  
Disa Sauter
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Prolonged Stress

Getting old is generally seen as unappealing, yet aging confers considerable advantages in several psychological domains (North & Fiske, 2015). In particular, older adults are better off emotionally than younger adults, with aging associated with the so-called “age advantages,” that is, more positive and less negative emotional experiences (Carstensen et al., 2011). Although the age advantages are well established, it is less clear whether they occur under conditions of prolonged stress. In a recent study, Carstensen et al (2020) demonstrated that the age advantages persist during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting that older adults are able to utilise cognitive and behavioural strategies to ameliorate even sustained stress. Here, we build on Carstensen and colleagues’ work with two studies. In Study 1, we provide a large-scale test of the robustness of Carstensen and colleagues’ finding that older individuals experience more positive and less negative emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic. We measured positive and negative emotions along with age information in 23,629 participants in 63 countries in April-May 2020. In Study 2, we provide a comparison of the age advantages using representative samples collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We demonstrate that older people experience less negative emotion than younger people during the prolonged stress of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the advantage of older adults was diminished during the pandemic, pointing to a likely role of older adults use of situation selection strategies (Charles, 2010).

Cognitive Diagnostic Analyses of the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2011 Results

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (spécial) ◽  
pp. 127-165
Author(s):  
Dan Thanh Duong Thi ◽  
Nathalie Loye
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Diagnostic Information ◽  
Diagnostic Approach ◽  
Reading Literacy ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Using Data ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Diagnostic Modeling ◽  
Diagnostic Feedback

Despite the grand demand to receive diagnostic information about students’ difficulties in reading, there are very few tests specifically designed for diagnostic purposes. Therefore, many researches in cognitive diagnostic approach (CDA) use large-scale test results to provide fine and reliable diagnostic feedback on the strengths and weaknesses of students other than the total scores or percentiles ranks, which allow appropriate intervention. This study shows an example of the application of diagnostic modeling using data from 4,762 Canadian students who completed booklet 13 of the PIRLS test in 2011. The results highlight the potential for detailed diagnostic feedback of students’ strengths and weaknesses on the underlying skills identified in the test.

scholarly journals MORAL GAIN OR DECAY? EXAMINING AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN MORAL JUDGMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S785-S785
Author(s):  
Minjie Lu ◽  
Helene H Fung
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Moral Conviction ◽  
Cognition And Emotion ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Affective Dimensions ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract The present study investigates age-related changes in moral judgment. In particular, we examined both cognitive and affective dimensions of morality in contributing to moral punishment. One hundred and twenty participants (aged from 22 to 75) recruited from Mturk were presented with 10 moral transgression stories (e.g. lying, harming), and reported their wrongness judgment, moral conviction, emotional experience, and moral punishment. Results revealed divergent patterns on the relationships between age and the evaluations on cognition and emotion. In terms of cognitive evaluation, compared to younger adults, older adults perceived immoral acts as more wrong and considered their stands as more connected to their moral conviction. However, older adults reported less intense negative emotions (anger, disgust, contempt), suggesting they were less aroused by immoral acts. In terms of moral punishment, age was negatively correlated with punishment, and this correlation was mediated by the age-related decrease in negative emotions.

scholarly journals Effects of Cultural Tightness–Looseness and Social Network Density on Expression of Positive and Negative Emotions: A Large-Scale Study of Impression Management by Facebook Users

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1567-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Liu ◽  
David Chan ◽  
Lin Qiu ◽  
William Tov ◽  
Victor Joo Chuan Tong
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Impression Management ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Network Density ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Using Data

Using data from 13,789 Facebook users across U.S. states, this study examined the main effects of societal-level cultural tightness–looseness and its interaction effects with individuals’ social network density on impression management (IM) in terms of online emotional expression. Results showed that individuals from culturally tight (vs. loose) states were more likely to express positive emotions and less likely to express negative emotions. Meanwhile, for positive emotional expression, there was a tightness–looseness by social network density interaction effect. In culturally tight states, individuals with dense (vs. sparse) networks were more likely to express positive emotions, while in culturally loose states this pattern was reversed. For negative emotional expression, however, no such interaction was observed. Our findings highlight the influence of cultural norms and social network structure on emotional expressions as IM strategies.

Abstract MP56: Progression of Hyperglycemia in Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary R Rooney ◽  
Andreea Rawlings ◽  
James S Pankow ◽  
Justin Echouffo Tcheugui ◽  
Josef Coresh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Risk Of Progression ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Aric Study

Introduction: Despite the high prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in old age, the progression of hyperglycemia in older adults is not well-characterized. Objective: To characterize prevalence and predictors of hyperglycemia progression during 5 years of follow-up among 2894 older adults without diabetes (mean age 76, 60% female, 18% black). Methods: Using data from the ARIC Study, we report according to hyperglycemia (normal or prediabetes) status at baseline (visit 5, 2011-13) the incidence of visit 6 (2016-17) outcomes (normoglycemia, prediabetes, diabetes, or mortality). Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify predictors of these outcomes stratified by baseline hyperglycemia status. In a sensitivity analysis, we applied inverse probability of attrition weights (IPAW) to account for informative missingness. Results: Most participants (64%) with normal HbA1c at baseline had normal HbA1c at the follow-up visit, 19% progressed to prediabetes, 16% died, and 1% developed diabetes (HbA1c ≥6.5% or diabetes medication use or self-report diagnosis). Among participants with prediabetes at baseline, most remained prediabetic 5 years later (61%), 18% died, 14% reverted to normoglycemia, and 7% developed diabetes. Black participants, men, and those with hypercholesterolemia had a higher risk of hyperglycemia progression ( Table ). Physical activity was inversely associated with risk of progression. Body mass index (BMI) in older age was not associated with hyperglycemia progression and BMI was inversely associated with mortality. Results were similar when we used IPAW. Conclusions: In this community-based population of older adults, progression from prediabetes to diabetes was relatively uncommon over the 5 year period. Risk factors for hyperglycemia progression and mortality, such as BMI, may differ when measured in older adulthood. We also identified subgroups with higher risk of hyperglycemia progression in older age and who may benefit from targeted diabetes prevention efforts.

Executive Dysfunction Mediates the Association Between Older Age and Online Health Information Search Performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Kordovski ◽  
Savanna M. Tierney ◽  
Samina Rahman ◽  
Luis D. Medina ◽  
Michelle A. Babicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Older Age ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Health Related

Objective: Searching the Internet for health-related information is a complex and dynamic goal-oriented process that places demands on executive functions, which are higher-order cognitive abilities that are known to deteriorate with older age. This study aimed to examine the effects of older age on electronic health (eHealth) search behavior, and to determine whether executive functions played a mediating role in that regard. Method: Fifty younger adults (≤ 35 years) and 41 older adults (≥50 years) completed naturalistic eHealth search tasks involving fact-finding (Fact Search) and symptom diagnosis (Symptom Search), a neurocognitive battery, and a series of questionnaires. Results: Multiple regression models with relevant covariates revealed that older adults were slower and less accurate than younger adults on the eHealth Fact Search task, but not on the eHealth Symptom Search task. Nevertheless, executive functions mediated the relationship between older age and eHealth Fact Search and Symptom Search accuracy. Conclusions: Older adults can experience difficulty searching the Internet for some health-related information, which is at least partly attributable to executive dysfunction. Future studies are needed to determine the benefits of training in the organizational and strategic aspects of Internet search for older adults and whether these findings are applicable to clinical populations with executive dysfunction.

Student Perceptions of Community: A Different Perspective

NASPA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Clark ◽  
Joan Hirt
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research University ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Public Research University ◽  
The Common ◽  
Using Data

The creation of small communities has been proposed as a way of enhancing the educational experience of students at large institutions. Using data from a survey of students living in large and small residences at a public research university, this study does not support the common assumption that small-scale social environments are more conducive to positive community life than large-scale social environments.

scholarly journals Disability, Frailty and Depression in the community-dwelling older adults with Osteosarcopenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki-Soo Park ◽  
Gyeong-Ye Lee ◽  
Young-Mi Seo ◽  
Sung-Hyo Seo ◽  
Jun-Il Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Geriatric Depression Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
World Health ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of osteosarcopenia in the over 60-year-old community and to evaluate whether osteosarcopenia is associated with disability, frailty and depression. Methods This study was performed using the baseline data of Namgaram-2, among the 1010 surveyed subjects, 885 study subjects who were 60 years or older and had all necessary tests performed were selected. The Kaigo-Yobo checklist (frailty), World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) and Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form-Korean (GDSSF-K) were used. The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS 2019) were applied in this study. Osteopenia was measured using data from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and osteopenia was diagnosed when the T-score was less than − 1.0. The study subjects were divided into four groups: the normal group, in which both sarcopenia and osteopenia were undiagnosed, osteopenia only, sarcopenia only and the osteosarcopenia group, which was diagnosed with both sarcopenia and osteopenia. Results Of the 885 subjects over 60 years old evaluated, the normal group comprised 34.0%, the only osteopenia group 33.7%, the only sarcopenia group 13.1%, and the osteosarcopenia group 19.2%. WHODAS (17.5, 95% CI: 14.8-20.1), Kaigo-Yobo (3.0, 95% CI: 2.6-3.4), and GDSSF mean score (4.6, 95% CI: 3.9-5.4) were statistically significantly higher in the osteosarcopenia group compared the other groups. Partial eta squared (ηp2) of WHODAS (0.199) and Kaigo-Yobo (0.148) values ​​according to Osteosarcopenia were large, and GDSSF (0.096) was medium Conclusions Osteosarcopenia is a relatively common disease group in the older adults community that may cause deterioration of health outcomes. Therefore, when evaluating osteopenia or sarcopenia in the older adults, management of those in both disease groups should occur together.

scholarly journals Modeling Fused Filament Fabrication using Artificial Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Oehlmann ◽  
Paul Osswald ◽  
Juan Camilo Blanco ◽  
Martin Friedrich ◽  
Dominik Rietzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Print Quality ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann

AbstractWith industries pushing towards digitalized production, adaption to expectations and increasing requirements for modern applications, has brought additive manufacturing (AM) to the forefront of Industry 4.0. In fact, AM is a main accelerator for digital production with its possibilities in structural design, such as topology optimization, production flexibility, customization, product development, to name a few. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is a widespread and practical tool for rapid prototyping that also demonstrates the importance of AM technologies through its accessibility to the general public by creating cost effective desktop solutions. An increasing integration of systems in an intelligent production environment also enables the generation of large-scale data to be used for process monitoring and process control. Deep learning as a form of artificial intelligence (AI) and more specifically, a method of machine learning (ML) is ideal for handling big data. This study uses a trained artificial neural network (ANN) model as a digital shadow to predict the force within the nozzle of an FFF printer using filament speed and nozzle temperatures as input data. After the ANN model was tested using data from a theoretical model it was implemented to predict the behavior using real-time printer data. For this purpose, an FFF printer was equipped with sensors that collect real time printer data during the printing process. The ANN model reflected the kinematics of melting and flow predicted by models currently available for various speeds of printing. The model allows for a deeper understanding of the influencing process parameters which ultimately results in the determination of the optimum combination of process speed and print quality.

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