The evolution of Harry Harlow: from the nature to the nurture of love

Harlow deserves a place in the early history of evolutionary psychiatry but not, as he is commonly presented, because of his belief in the instinctual nature of the mother-infant dyad. Harlow’s work on the significance of peer relationships led him to appreciate the evolutionary significance of separate affectional systems. Over time, Harlow distanced himself from the ideas of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth as well as from Konrad Lorenz’s views about imprinting and instincts. Harlow’s work did not lend support to Bowlby’s belief in an innate need for mother love and his thesis that the mother was the child’s psychic organizer. Nor did Harlow agree with Lorenz’s view of instincts as biological, unmodifiable innate needs, unaffected by learning.

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Attachment Theory

10.1093/oso/9780190867263.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Marilyn Watson

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Attachment Theory ◽

Interpersonal Relationships ◽

Insecure Attachment ◽

Parent Attachment ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Attachment Relationships ◽

John Bowlby ◽

History Of ◽

Mary Ainsworth

The origins of attachment theory and the work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth are described. Four types of child–parent attachment relationships—secure, insecure/anxious, insecure/ambivalent, and insecure/disorganized—are outlined along with the ways each type might manifest itself in the classroom. A longitudinal study, conducted by Alan Sroufe and his colleagues, of the development and effects on learning and interpersonal relationships of different child–parent attachment relationships is described. Teachers too have a history of attachment relationships that can affect how they relate to their students. The chapter describes adult attachment and how one’s attachment history might, positively or negatively, affect one’s ability to build positive, nurturing relationships with students. Specific examples of ways teachers can offset the negative effects of a student’s or their own history of insecure attachment are described.

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A History of Interprofessional Education and Assessment at WesternU

Building a Patient-Centered Interprofessional Education Program - Advances in Medical Education, Research, and Ethics ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-3066-5.ch014 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 286-310

Author(s):

David N. Dickter ◽

Daniel C. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Interprofessional Education ◽

Growth And Development ◽

The United States ◽

Health Sciences ◽

Early History ◽

Patient Centered ◽

Education Practice ◽

History Of ◽

The U.S ◽

Over Time

This chapter traces the early history and progress of a pioneering interprofessional practice and education (IPE) program at Western University of Health Sciences (WesternU), whose growth and development can be viewed in the context of the broader IPE field, that of a nascent movement within the United States to recognize and facilitate collaborative, patient-centered healthcare. This chapter provides some of the background and details from the early design years at WesternU. The IPE movement in the U.S. worked with general principles and broad conceptual outcomes such as safety and quality but it took time to delineate more specific guidelines and practices. Over the years, frameworks and standards for education, practice, and outcomes assessment have developed that have helped to guide the program. Similarly, WesternU has developed and refined its education and assessment methods over time.

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FROM LAW TO DHARMA: STATE LAW AND SACRED DUTY IN ANCIENT INDIA

Journal of Law and Religion ◽

10.1017/jlr.2019.36 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 284-309 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mark McClish

Keyword(s):

South Asia ◽

Max Weber ◽

Early History ◽

State Courts ◽

State Law ◽

Ancient India ◽

Royal Courts ◽

History Of ◽

Historical Origins ◽

Over Time

AbstractThe legal treatises of ancient India, called Dharmaśāstras, are often read as records of the initial emergence of law from religion in South Asia. The Dharmaśāstras teach the dharma, or “sacred duty,” of different members of society. It is one of the dharmas of the king to adjudicate disputes that come before his courts, and it is widely accepted that a need to articulate the king's dharma led the composers of the Dharmaśāstras over time to fashion rules for state courts, a body of law called vyavahāra. Scholars such as Henry Sumner Maine and Max Weber saw in the Dharmaśāstras evidence of the disentanglement and rationalization of law, respectively. A close examination of our sources, however, shows that the law of royal courts emerged not within the Dharmaśāstra tradition, but within an adjacent and decidedly more secular tradition of statecraft. It was gradually absorbed into Dharmaśāstra texts, where it was reconfigured as sacred duty and its historical origins were obscured. This article argues that the early history of state law in India is best described, therefore, not as a transition from dharma to law, but as a transition from law to dharma.

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An Intellectual History of the Concepts of Premier-Presidentialism and President-Parliamentarism

Political Studies Review ◽

10.1177/1478929919864770 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 12-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert Elgie

Keyword(s):

Intellectual History ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Academic Work ◽

Early History ◽

Future Application ◽

Contemporary History ◽

Journal Articles ◽

The Future ◽

History Of ◽

Over Time

Shugart and Carey introduced the twin concepts of premier-presidentialism and president-parliamentarism in their 1992 volume, Presidents and Assemblies. Based on a meta-analysis of journal articles and book publications, this article distinguishes between an early and a contemporary history of the two concepts. The period of early history runs from 1992 to around 2009. This was the time when the two concepts were entering the academic consciousness and when there was also some typological and classificatory ambiguity. The period of contemporary history begins in 2010. This era is marked by conceptual and classificatory clarity and by an increasing reference to the two concepts in academic work. In the article, we show how the concepts have been applied over time, noting a number of changes across the two periods under consideration. We conclude by pointing out some challenges to the future application of the two concepts.

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Improving nomenclatural consistency: a decade of experience in the World Register of Marine Species

European Journal of Taxonomy ◽

10.5852/ejt.2017.389 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tammy Horton ◽

Serge Gofas ◽

Andreas Kroh ◽

Gary C.B. Poore ◽

Geoffrey Read ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Entry ◽

Marine Species ◽

Early History ◽

Data Types ◽

Quality Of Data ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

Difficult Situations ◽

Over Time

The World Register of Marine species (WoRMS) has been established for a decade. The early history of the database involved compilation of existing global and regional species registers. This aggregation, combined with changes to data types and the changing needs of WoRMS users, has resulted in an evolution of data-entry consistency over time. With the task of aggregating the accepted species names for all marine species approaching completion, our focus has shifted to improving the consistency and quality of data held while keeping pace with the addition of > 2000 new marine species described annually. This paper defines priorities and longer-term aims that promote standardisation within and interoperability among biodiversity databases, provides editors with further information on how to input nomenclatural data in a standardised way and clarifies for users of WoRMS how and why names are represented as they are. We 1) explain the categories of names included; 2) list standard reasons used to explain why a name is considered ‘unaccepted’ or ‘uncertain’; 3) present and explain the more difficult situations encountered; 4) describe categories of sources and notes linked to a taxon; and 5) recommend how type material, type locality and environmental information should be entered.

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EARLY HISTORY OF AL-QA'IDA

The Historical Journal ◽

10.1017/s0018246x08007188 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 1047-1067 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. KIM CRAGIN

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Early History ◽

The Past ◽

Us Military ◽

The Us ◽

History Of ◽

Autobiographical Accounts ◽

Development And Evolution ◽

Over Time

ABSTRACTAlthough the broad outlines of al-Qa'ida's story are well known, less attention has been paid to its early development and evolution. How and why did al-Qa'ida leaders latch on to the United States as a primary adversary? What motivated Usama bin Laden to form al-Qa'ida in the first place? Did this motivation change over time? This article utilizes a series of recently discovered al-Qa'ida documents – such as al-Jihad magazine financed by Usama bin Laden during the 1980s, internal memos written in the early 1990s and captured by the US military in Afghanistan, and autobiographical accounts written since 2001 by former Afghan Arab fighters – to deepen our understanding of a clandestine organization that has caused havoc for the past two decades.

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Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100130018 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1076-1077

Author(s):

Robert M. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Early History ◽

Bulk Materials ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Reflected Light ◽

History Of ◽

Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

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