Corruption: ‘Culture’ in the Dock

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vineet Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Individual Agent ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Holistic Perspective ◽  
Cultural Milieu ◽  
The Individual

Corruption in public life1 needs to be examined in greater detail as not only an individual lapse but also a feature of the collective that either does or does not put pressure on the individual to lapse. This paper takes a methodological holistic perspective exceeding the methodological individualistic perspective in understanding corruption. The claim is that the locus of responsibility cannot be restricted to the individual alone and the collective (if there be such an entity) be left scot-free. This claim is premised on the conception that an individual’s act which is in deviation of expected and established norms cannot be faulted only at the level of the individual, and careful consideration needs to be made to assess the role of the collective in precipitating the lapse(s) in the actions of the individual. This paper argues for sharing the liability of corruption in public life between the legally responsible individual as agent and the cultural milieu in which the agent operates. At a foundational level this paper calls for a reconceptualization of individual agency and decision making from being isolated and discrete, to being construed by the collective that the individual agent is a part of.

scholarly journals Explainable Artificial Intelligence: What Do You Need to Know?

2020 ◽  
pp. 266-275
Author(s):  
Sam Hepenstal ◽  
David McNeish
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Individual System ◽  
System Components ◽  
Explainable Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Explainable Ai ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Individual

Abstract In domains which require high risk and high consequence decision making, such as defence and security, there is a clear requirement for artificial intelligence (AI) systems to be able to explain their reasoning. In this paper we examine what it means to provide explainable AI. We report on research findings to propose that explanations should be tailored, depending upon the role of the human interacting with the system and the individual system components, to reflect different needs. We demonstrate that a ‘one-size-fits-all’ explanation is insufficient to capture the complexity of needs. Thus, designing explainable AI systems involves careful consideration of context, and within that the nature of both the human and AI components.

Wealth Neutral Grants for Public Education

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Gilmer ◽  
Daniel C. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Education ◽  
State Government ◽  
Local Control ◽  
Fiscal Federalism ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Horizontal Equity ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
Power Equalization ◽  
The Individual

This article assesses wealth neutral grants within the traditional framework of the fiscal federalism. Discussions of the concept of fiscal equality or District Power Equalization (DPE) have centered largley on local control, and have defined equity as a problem of the comparison of local jurisdictions. The individual resident and the state government lie on either side of the locality in terms of collective decision-making, yet the perspective of neither of these sides has been adequately considered in past studies. These grants can cause substantial redefinitions of revenue responsibilities among various levels of government; they do far less than is commonly assumed to provide horizontal equity; and they do not relieve problems of location bias. We find that none of these problems, either individually or collectively, constitute an indictment of these grants, but their careful consideration offers a more balanced view of DPE than any yet offered

scholarly journals Imaginary politics: Climate change and making the future

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjana Milkoreit
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Motivation For Change ◽  
Green Earth ◽  
Collective Imagination ◽  
Climate Fiction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Power And Agency

Climate change places major transformational demands on modern societies. Transformations require the capacity to collectively envision and meaningfully debate realistic and desirable futures. Without such a collective imagination capacity and active deliberation processes, societies lack both the motivation for change and guidance for decision-making in a certain direction of change. Recent arguments that science fiction can play a role in societal transformation processes is not yet supported by theory or empirical evidence. Advancing the argument that fiction can support sustainability transformations, this paper makes four contributions. First, building on the imaginary concept, I introduce and define the idea of socio-climatic imaginaries. Second, I develop a theory of imagination as linked cognitive-social processes that enable the creation of collectively shared visions of future states of the world. This theory addresses the dynamics that bridge imagination processes in the individual mind and collective imagining that informs social and political decision-making. Third, emphasizing the political nature of creating and contesting imaginaries in a society, I introduce the role of power and agency in this theory of collective imagination. I argue that both ideational and structural power concepts are relevant for understanding the potential societal influence of climate fiction. Finally, the paper illuminates these different forms of transformational power and agency with two brief case studies: two climate fiction novels. I contrast a dystopian and utopian science fiction novel – Paolo Bacigalupi’s The Water Knife (2015) and Kim Stanley Robinson’s Green Earth (2015). The two books are very similar in their power/agency profile, but the comparison provides initial insights into the different roles of optimistic and pessimistic future visions.

Influences of Personal Experience in Decision-Making

2017 ◽  
pp. 76-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thais Spiegel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Individual Experience ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
State Of Art

Among the aspects that conform the human cognition and therefore, the behavior observed in the choices, there is the individual experience. Researches point the experience performing either positive as negative roles in the process of decision-making. Motivated by the question, What is the role of the experience in the decision-making? this text sought to check in which way the state of art and the technique of Cognitive Sciences could contribute with the better understanding of the cognitive processing in the context of decision-making. It was adopted as a start the roles' structured exposition of the cognition elements during the decision process, as Spiegel's (2014) proposal. It was investigated through a systematic revision of the literature, the impacts of the decision-maker's experience in the manifestation of attention, categorization, memory and emotion. As a result, 17 inferences that present which is the role of the experience in the decision-making, and deeply, which are the implications of the experience in the cognitive process of the decision-maker, are presented.

Understanding Decision Making in the Adoption of Digital Health Technology: The Role of Behavioural Economics’ Prospect Theory (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqas Ullah Khan ◽  
Aviv Shachak ◽  
Emily Seto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prospect Theory ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Behavioural Economics ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
Research Article ◽  
The Individual

UNSTRUCTURED The decision to accept or reject new digital health technologies remains an ongoing discussion. Over the past few decades, interest in understanding the choice to adopt technology has led to the development of numerous theories and models. In 1979, however, psychologists Kahneman and Tversky published their seminal research article that has pioneered the field of behavioural economics. They named their model the “prospect theory” and used it to explain decision making behaviours under conditions of risk and uncertainty as well as to provide an understanding of why individuals may make irrational or inconsistent decisions. Although the prospect theory has been used to explain decision making in economics, law, political science, and clinically at the individual level, its application to understanding choice in the adoption of digital health technology has not been explored.

Affect and Clinical Decision-Making

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Heyhoe ◽  
Rebecca Lawton
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
The Individual

In the chapter “Affect and Clinical Decision-Making,” theoretical and empirical literature from within and outside healthcare are drawn on to understand the role of affect in clinical decision-making at the individual and team level. Theories of individual decision-making are summarized and psychological models of decision-making and current knowledge of thought processes are presented to explain the role of affect in judgment and behavior in healthcare settings. Three types of affect: anticipatory affect, incidental affect, and anticipated affect are discussed in detail and used to illustrate how affective states may play a role in different clinical contexts and settings. Gaps in the existing evidence base are identified, and suggestions are made for interventions that might support health professionals to make better decisions.

Decision-Making

Diagnosis ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 46-63
Author(s):  
Ashley Graham Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Diagnostic Decision ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Diagnostic Decision Making

The process of diagnostic decision-making (DDM) can be very complex, and in all instances, it involves considerations of epistemology, ethics, probability, and economics. Furthermore, the process of DDM is patient-specific both in terms of qualitative evidence toward a diagnosis (e.g., information from the medical history) and in terms of quantitative evidence (e.g., pre- and post-test probabilities). Thus, learning to make diagnostic decisions requires at least a basic understanding of concepts in each of these fields as well as careful consideration on the part of both the physician and the patient as to how these considerations bear on the individual case at hand. In addition, it requires a commitment on the part of each to shared decision-making in the clinical context.

scholarly journals An ideological analysis of sustainable careers: identifying the role of fantasy and a way forward

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Matthijs Bal ◽  
Lee Matthews ◽  
Edina Dóci ◽  
Lucy P. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Future Research ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
The Individual

PurposeScholarly and general interest in sustainable careers is flourishing. Sustainable careers are focused on the long-term opportunities and experiences of workers across dynamic employment situations, and are characterized by flexibility, meaning and individual agency. The current paper analyzes and challenges the underlying ideological assumptions of how sustainable careers are conceptualized and advocates the inclusion of the ecological meaning of sustainability and the notion of dignity into the sustainable careers concept.Design/methodology/approachUsing Slavoj Žižek's (1989, 2001) conceptualization of ideology as fantasy-construction, the authors explore how the use of sustainable careers is influenced by fantasies about the contemporary workplace and the role of the individual in the workplace. This is a conceptual method.FindingsThe authors argue that the concept of sustainable careers is grounded in the neoliberal fantasy of the individual. The paper concludes by presenting an alternative concept of sustainable careers grounded in a dignity-perspective on sustainability, which offers an alternative theoretical understanding of sustainable careers in the contemporary workplace, sharpening its contours and usefulness in theorizing careers.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to systematically analyze the use and conceptualization of sustainable careers in the literate and to expose the ideological underpinnings of the concept. Propositions are developed to be explored by future research.

scholarly journals The role of patient and healthcare professionals in the era of new hemophilia treatments in developed and developing countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 239-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadi Nossair ◽  
Courtney D. Thornburg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Medical Decisions ◽  
Patient Goals ◽  
Number Of Treatment

Medical decisions in hemophilia care are primarily related to the type of factor replacement and treatment regimen. With the growing number of treatment options for patients with hemophilia, decision making is more complex and requires careful consideration of benefits, risks, and patient goals. Shared decision making and decision-aid tools facilitate patient and healthcare provider communication. In this review, the overall role of shared decision making in medicine is outlined, with special emphasis on models for practical implementation. Examples of shared decision making in hemophilia are outlined, and application to new therapeutics is discussed through a case-based approach.

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