Asymmetric Relationship Between Government Revenues and Expenditures in a Developing Economy: Evidence from a Non-linear Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1179-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Ali Raza ◽  
Syed Zaki Hassan ◽  
Arshian Sharif
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Government Expenditures ◽  
Developing Economy ◽  
Budgetary Process ◽  
Integration Technique ◽  
The Core ◽  
Symmetry Test ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Relationship

Understanding the revenue–expenditure nexus is the core essence of this research in the Pakistani context. This research examines the non-linear relationship between government revenues and government expenditures during 1972–2014. The recently developed non-linear co-integration technique has been used along with the symmetry test. The result shows that the revenues and expenditures have co-integration and provide the evidence in favour of fiscal synchronization hypothesis in the budgetary process. Moreover, the finding also reveals that the relationship between these two fiscal elements is asymmetric and negative changes in revenues and expenditures have a greater impact than the positive ones. Furthermore, another important aspect that was revealed during the study was that the negative shocks in the revenues will lead towards the drastically large increase in the expenditure.

scholarly journals Weather Prediction using Advanced Machine Learning Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 2089 (1) ◽  
pp. 012059
Author(s):  
G. Hemalatha ◽  
K. Srinivasa Rao ◽  
D. Arun Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Prediction of weather condition is important to take efficient decisions. In general, the relationship between the input weather parameters and the output weather condition is non linear and predicting the weather conditions in non linear relationship posses challenging task. The traditional methods of weather prediction sometimes deviate in predicting the weather conditions due to non linear relationship between the input features and output condition. Motivated with this factor, we propose a neural networks based model for weather prediction. The superiority of the proposed model is tested with the weather data collected from Indian metrological Department (IMD). The performance of model is tested with various metrics..

scholarly journals Government Size and Corruption: A Non-linear Analysis in the Case of EMCCA

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Assoumou Ondo ◽  
Beau Jency Owono Ondo
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Linear Analysis ◽  
Government Size ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article analyzes the relationship between Government size and corruption. Unlike the works in the way which suppose a linear relationship between the two variables, we estimate a panel with change of the modes to characterize the impact of the size of the Central Government on corruption, in the countries of the economic community and monetary of Central Africa (EMCCA). The results show that there is a non-linear relationship between these two variables. Indeed, a strong involvement of the Government in economic activity results in a significant increase in corruption when the Government exceeds a size of 13.5508% of the GDP.

scholarly journals Flame Temperatures Saturate with Increasing Dead Material in Ulex europaeus, but Flame Duration, Fuel Consumption and Overall Flammability Continue to Increase

Fire ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Dent ◽  
Hannah Buckley ◽  
Audrey Lustig ◽  
Timothy Curran
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Ulex Europaeus ◽  
Plant Trait ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Fuel Accumulation ◽  
The Relationship

A key determinant of wildfire behaviour is the flammability of constituent plants. One plant trait that influences flammability is the retention of dead biomass, as the low moisture content of dead material means less energy is required to achieve combustion. However, the effect of the dead-to-live ratio of fuel on plant flammability has rarely been experimentally quantified. Here we examine the nature of the relationship between dead fuel accumulation and flammability in Ulex europaeus (common gorse). Shoots with varying proportions of dead material were ignited in a purpose-built plant-burner. Three components of flammability were measured: sustainability (flame duration), consumability (proportion burnt biomass) and combustibility (maximum temperature). While flame duration and proportion burnt biomass had a positive linear relationship with the proportion of dead material, the response of maximum temperature was positive but non-linear. All three flammability components were reduced to a single variable using principal components analysis; this had a non-linear relationship with the proportion of dead material. The response of maximum temperature to dead material plateaued at 39%. These findings have implications for the management of habitats invaded by gorse; to mitigate fire hazard associated with gorse, stands should be kept at a relatively young age when dead fuel is less prevalent.

scholarly journals Foreign finance, economic growth and CO2 emissions Nexus in OECD countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faris Alshubiri ◽  
Mohamed Elheddad
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Threshold Point

Purpose This study aims to examine the relationship between foreign finance, economic growth and CO2 to investigate if the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) exists as an empirical evidence in 32 selected Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Design/methodology/approach This study used quantitative analysis to test two main hypotheses: H1 is the U-shape relationship between foreign finance and environment, and H2 is the N-shaped association between economic growth and environment. In doing so, this study used panel data techniques. The panel set contained 32 countries over the period from 1990 to 2015, with 27 observations for each country. This study applied a panel OLS estimator via fixed-effects control to address heterogeneity and mitigate endogeneity. Generalized method of moments (GMM) with fixed effects-instrumental variables (FE-IV) and diagnostic tests were also used. Findings The results showed that foreign finance and environmental quality have an inverted U-shaped association. The three proxies’ foreign investment, foreign assets and remittance in the first stages contribute significantly to CO2 emissions, but after the threshold point is reached, these proxies become “environmentally friendly” by their contribution to reducing CO2 emissions. Also, a non-linear relationship denotes that foreign investment in OECD countries enhances the importance, as a proxy of foreign finance has greater environmental quality than foreign assets. Additionally, empirical results show that remittances received is linked to the highest polluted levels until a threshold point is reached, at which point it then helps reduce CO2 emissions. The GMM and FE-IV results provide robust evidence on inverse U-shaped relationship, while the N-shaped relationship explains that economic growth produces more CO2 emissions at the first phase of growth, but the quadratic term confirms this effect is negative after a specific level of GDP is reached. Then, this economic growth makes the environment deteriorate. These results are robust even after controlling for the omitted variable issue. The IV-FE results indicate an N-shaped relationship in the OECD countries. Practical implications Most studies have used different economic indicators as proxies to show the effects of these indicators on the environment, but they are flawed and outdated regarding the large social challenges facing contemporary, socio-financial economic systems. To overcome these disadvantages, the social, institutional and environmental aspects of economic development should also be considered. Hence, this study aims to explain this issue as a relationship with several proxies in regard to environmental, foreign finance and economic aspects. Originality/value This paper uses updated data sets for analyzing the relationship between foreign finance and economic growth as a new proxy for pollution. Also, this study simulates the financial and environmental future to show their effect on investments in different OECD countries. While this study enhances the literature by establishing an innovative control during analysis, this will increase to add value. This study is among the few studies that empirically investigate the non-linear relationship between finance and environmental degradation.

The Identification of Disease Entities and the Relationship between Schizophrenic and Affective Psychoses

1980 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Kendell ◽  
I. F. Brockington
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Affective Psychoses ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Disease Entities ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryA method is described for identifying a genuine boundary between related syndromes, if one exists, by demonstrating a non-linear relationship between symptomatology and outcome. The technique was applied to the putative boundary between schizophrenic and affective psychoses, but a non-linear relationship could not be demonstrated.

Abstract 13370: The Relationship Between Longitudinal Changes in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Survival From 57,823 Patients in a Large Regional Health System

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linyuan Jing ◽  
Samuel Fielden ◽  
Gregory J Wehner ◽  
Joseph Leader ◽  
Christopher M Haggerty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Ventricular Ejection Fraction ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: An intriguing U-shape relationship between left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and survival has recently been reported, with LVEFs of 60-65% associated with the lowest mortality risk. In heart failure, LVEF recovery has been linked to improved outcomes; however, the relationship between changes in LVEF (ΔLVEF) and survival in a general clinical population has not been studied. We hypothesized that ΔLVEF would have a non-linear relationship with all-cause mortality. Methods: A total of 194,599 echocardiograms from 57,823 patients with physician-reported LVEF were identified from Geisinger health records, along with dates of death or last living encounter, age, sex, smoking status, height, weight, and active diagnoses. ΔLVEF for a given echocardiogram was calculated for 136,776 studies as the difference between the most recent previous and current LVEF. Cox Proportional Hazards Regression was used to relate interaction between ΔLVEF and current LVEF to all-cause mortality while adjusting for confounders. Results: Death occurred in 15,419 patients who underwent 39,562 (29%) echocardiograms. Median follow up duration was 3.6 years (IQR, 1.3-7.2), and median time between tests was 1.0 year (IQR, 0.2-2.3). The interaction between LVEF and ΔLVEF ( P < 0.001) demonstrated that a stable LVEF of 60-65% was associated with the best survival (Figure). A decreased LVEF was universally associated with increased mortality, while LVEFs that had increased showed non-linear interactions. In general, an LVEF of 35-55% that had increased from the previous test was associated with a similar or slightly lower mortality than the same LVEF that was unchanged or had decreased, while an LVEF >55% that had increased was associated with an increase in mortality risk compared to those with a stable LVEF. Conclusions: Changes in LVEF have a non-linear relationship with all-cause mortality. In general, a constant, stable LVEF associates with the lowest risk of mortality.

scholarly journals Ownership structure and firm performance: Evidence from Nigerian listed companies

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-400
Author(s):  
Adebiyi J. Abosede ◽  
Kajola Oluwafemi Sunday
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Firm Financial Performance ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the relationship between firms’ ownership structure and financial performance in Nigeria, using a sample of thirty listed companies between 2001 and 2008. Using pooled OLS as a method of estimation and after controlling for four firm-specific characteristics, our results show a negative and significant relationship between ownership structure (director shareholding) and firm financial performance (ROE). This is in support of Entrenchment hypothesis. Also, our study does not support a non-linear relationship between ownership structure and firm performance.

scholarly journals A review of the effectiveness of operational curtailment for reducing bat fatalities at terrestrial wind farms in North America

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0256382
Author(s):  
Evan M. Adams ◽  
Julia Gulka ◽  
Kathryn A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Relationship

Curtailment of turbine operations during low wind conditions has become an operational minimization tactic to reduce bat mortality at terrestrial wind energy facilities. Site-specific studies have demonstrated that bat activity is higher during lower wind speeds and that operational curtailment can effectively reduce fatalities. However, the exact nature of the relationship between curtailment cut-in speed and bat fatality reduction remains unclear. To evaluate the efficacy of differing curtailment regimes in reducing bat fatalities, we examined data from turbine curtailment experiments in the United States and Canada in a meta-analysis framework. We used multiple statistical models to explore possible linear and non-linear relationships between turbine cut-in speed and bat fatality. Because the overall sample size for this meta-analysis was small (n = 36 control-treatment studies from 17 wind farms), we conducted a power analysis to assess the number of control-treatment curtailment studies needed to understand the relationship between fatality reduction and change in cut-in speed. We also identified the characteristics of individual curtailment field studies that may influence their power to detect fatality reductions, and in turn, contribute to future meta-analyses. We found strong evidence that implementing turbine curtailment reduces fatality rates of bats at wind farms; the estimated fatality ratio across all studies was 0.37 (p < 0.001), or a 63% decrease in fatalities. However, the nature of the relationship between the magnitude of treatment and reduction in fatalities was more difficult to assess. Models that represented the response ratio as a continuous variable (e.g., with a linear relationship between the change in cut-in speed and fatalities) and a categorical variable (to allow for possible non-linearity in this relationship) both had substantial support when compared using AICc. The linear model represented the best fit, likely due to model simplicity, but the non-linear model was the most likely without accounting for parsimony and suggested fatality rates decreased when the difference in curtailment cut-in speeds was 2m/s or larger. The power analyses showed that the power to detect effects in the meta-analysis was low if fatality reductions were less than 50%, which suggests that smaller increases in cut-in speed (i.e., between different treatment categories) may not be easily detectable with the current dataset. While curtailment is an effective operational mitigation measure overall, additional well-designed curtailment studies are needed to determine precisely whether higher cut-in speeds can further reduce bat fatalities.

Is the Interaction of International Diversification and Economic Performance a Linear Relationship?

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Mangos ◽  
Peter W OBrien ◽  
Richard Damania
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
International Diversification ◽  
Similar Technique ◽  
Transactions Costs ◽  
Diversification Strategy ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Curvilinear Relationships ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe current study analyses the effect of an international diversification strategy measured by multi-nationality and country scope, and tests its relationship with economic performance in the context of Australian corporate activity. Evidence from previous US studies on the relationship between international diversification strategy and economic performance was inconclusive, which suggests that research should go further with empirical analysis than testing for a linear relationship and should test for curvilinear relationships resulting from transactions costs analysis. Guided by that evidence a Chow test was used in the current study to establish a cut-off point that divided the sample of Australian firms into two subgroups (low-to-moderate and high level international diversification) to determine whether a non-linear relationship existed between economic performance and international diversification. This approach followed a similar technique used by Hitt, Hosskisson and Kim, (1997) and was used in this study as a method for determining two subgroups. The sample was selected from the population of large firms in Australia over a three-year period covering 1993-1995. The results suggest there is a statistically significant non-linear relationship between economic performance and multi-nationality. The results suggest that Australian corporations may be sensitive to the effect of transaction and managerial processing costs on the relationship between multi-nationality and economic performance resulting in a non-linear relationship.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document