scholarly journals Is There Cross-Country Income Convergence Among the BRICS Nations? An Examination

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-135
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chandra Das
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Poor Country ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Capita Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country

Narrowing the developmental gaps of a relatively poor country with a relatively rich one is one of the priorities to the policymakers of the former. One way to reduce the developmental gaps is making different countries in a group to converge to a single steady-state value. Under this background, this study aims to examine whether the BRICS nations are converging in per capita GDP for the period 1990–2016. Applying the neoclassical methodology of β convergence and σ convergence, the study observes that the countries are not unconditionally β converging but converging in conditional terms with the variables such as foreign direct investment (FDI) flow and working population acting as the deciding factor. Furthermore, the study shows that the countries are converging in σ definition meaning the cross-country dispersion in per capita gross domestic product (GDP) has fallen significantly. Hence, formation of BRICS has made the countries relatively better off compared to pre-BRICS phase. JEL Classification: E01, O4, J21

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Monetary Transmission Mechanism of M&A, Greenfield FDI, Domestic Investment, and GDP Per Capita Growth: The Structural Vector Correction Model in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Albert Hasudungan ◽  
◽  
Andrey Hasiholan Pulungan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Monetary Transmission ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Structural Vector

Purpose: The study aims to evaluate the different implications of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and Greenfield foreign direct investment in the transmission mechanism effects on the growth of gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita) in Indonesia. The origin of the study stems from past academic debates that contested whether Greenfield FDI or M&A bear more effect on the economic growth in emerging markets.

scholarly journals COMPETITIVENESS, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2017 ◽  
pp. 349-398
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Poor Country ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita

Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is a relatively small and poor country which faces numerous issues such as consequences of war, poverty, emigration of qualified people and, especially, useless and barren political conflicts. The country is in a very difficult economic situation. It is enough to say that in 2015, B&H had EUR 3200 per capita GDP, and that Greece, which is in the focus of Europe and world because of its economic crisis, had EUR 16,000 per capita GDP. Bosnia and Herzegovina was ranked low on the current Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016. It was 111th out of a total of 140 countries. At this moment, Bosnia and Herzegovina is mainly a loser in the process of globalization with an excess labor force that is fighting for survival. Data on the structure of exports confirm that the inclusion of BiH in the international division of labor is based on the extraction of limited natural resources and production based on cheap labor. This paper analyze most important elements for the development of the economy in B&H, a private sector, scientific and technological institutions (universities, faculties, institutes, etc.), educational and government institutions for economic development. The challenge ahead of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the next 5-10 years to build the conditions for transition from the current economic model characterized by the use of natural resources and low-educated labor, to use the new drivers of development and export competitiveness - new technologies and knowledge. The special focus is on the change from the environment where a majority of population lacks skills and knowledge to create competitive products and services for domestic, regional, European and global markets to the environment in which most people possess them. Basically, authors analyze possibilities of transition from the present-day economic model characterized by use of a semiskilled labour force and manufacture of products with low added value to the knowledge-based development model. In simple words, from ignorance to knowledge.

How does employment respond to minimum wage adjustment in China?

2020 ◽  
pp. 103530462097083
Author(s):  
Chung-Khain Wye ◽  
Elya Nabila Abdul Bahri
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Minimum Wages ◽  
Employment Effect ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Capita Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Per Capita

Under what circumstances can minimum wages increase without adverse effects on employment levels? In 31 Chinese provinces between 2004 and 2015, the employment effect of a minimum wage depended on the minimum wage level, foreign direct investment, per capita gross domestic product and labour productivity. A minimum wage increase reduced hiring as foreign direct investment inflow rose, regardless of the amount of investment. Any positive employment effect of a minimum wage increase was mitigated by per capita gross domestic product growth, except when per capita gross domestic product was above the average. Above-average labour productivity enhancement significantly mitigated the adverse employment effect of the minimum wage. Employers responded to a rising minimum wage by increasing hiring when the geometric growth rates of the minimum wage and foreign direct investment for a particular province within a period of time were above the overall average across provinces. However, they scrutinised both annual and overall economic growth within a time period when making hiring decisions in the face of minimum wage adjustments. An inverted U-shape relationship between minimum wages and employment suggest a maximum threshold value for the minimum wage. Thus, government policy measures should foster short-term and long-term economic growth, to facilitate employment creation when minimum wages increase. JEL Codes: J38, J21, F16, O40

Growth Diagnostics: The Puzzle of Pakistan's Lagging Economic Growth

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850241
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Growth Accounting ◽  
Rigorous Analysis ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
International Benchmarking ◽  
Preferable Alternative ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
High Level

Advocates of growth diagnostics have shown it to be a preferable alternative to other methods of formulating a growth strategy such as cross-country regressions, growth accounting or international benchmarking using cross country surveys. We show that growth diagnostics also suffers from problems and demands a high level of economic sophistication from its practitioners. We suggest a simpler prelude before launching into rigorous analysis and apply this method to address the puzzle of Pakistan’s lagging per capita GDP relative to India.

scholarly journals Measurement of environmental efficiency and productivity: a cross-country analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
SURENDER KUMAR ◽  
MADHU KHANNA
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Efficiency And Productivity

ABSTRACTThis paper measures environmental efficiency (EE) and environmental productivity (EP) in 38 countries over the period 1971–92 and analyzes differences in these across countries. It explores several macro-economic factors that could explain these differences, such as income levels and the degree of openness in these countries. The average EE and EP indexes are found to be almost steady over the period 1971–92. In the annex-I countries, an increase in income levels initially leads to an increase in the average EE but subsequently to a decline in EE. In non-annex I countries, EE is increasing over the range of income in these countries. This study also finds an EKC type relationship between EP and per capita GDP in annex-I countries. The degree of openness has a significant positive impact on EE in annex-I countries.

scholarly journals Drivers of export upgrading: Evidence from panel data for upper-middle and high income groups, low and lower-middle income groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Naima Chrid ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Dynamic Ols ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country

The objective of this study is to contribute with empirical evidence to the understanding of the determinants of export upgrading measured through two alternative indicators (export complexity level and degree of export diversification) using a cross-country panel dataset over the 1999-2013 period. For this purpose, a panel cointegration framework and two homogeneous subpanels have been considered based on the income level of the sample countries (upper-middle and high income groups, low and lower-middle income groups). Based on the Dynamic OLS (DOLS) and Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) technique, the results indicate that export upgrading of countries is enhanced by GDP per capita, knowledge creation ( this variable is differentiated into internal knowledge(i.e human capital and research & development) and external knowledge (i.e Foreign Direct Investment and imports) and Institutional quality. The effects of these determinants vary between low, lower-middle income, upper-middle and high income country.

Carbon Dioxide Emission in the Middle East and North African (MENA) Region: A Dynamic Panel Data Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Ayu Jalil
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
North African ◽  
Capita Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Per Capita

This empirical study investigates the determinants of CO2 emission in 18 countries of the Middle East and North African region covering the period from 1971 to 2009. The analysis is based on a dynamic panel data model employing the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique. The potential determinants of carbon emissions identified are per capita gross domestic product, energy usage, energy consumption from fossil fuel, foreign direct investment, urbanization, industrial production, agricultural production and education level. The results show per capita gross domestic product, energy consumption based on fossil fuel, foreign direct investment and agriculture production have significant impact on the growth of carbon emissions in the region.

scholarly journals Clusters of cause specific neonatal mortality and its association with per capita gross domestic product: A structured spatial analytical approach

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255882
Author(s):  
Daniela Testoni Costa-Nobre ◽  
Mandira Daripa Kawakami ◽  
Kelsy Catherina Nema Areco ◽  
Adriana Sanudo ◽  
Rita Cassia Xavier Balda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Capita Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Spatial Moving Average

Background Infant mortality rate is a measure of population health and neonatal mortality account for great proportion of these deaths. Underdevelopment might be associated to higher neonatal mortality risk due to assistant related factors. Spatial and temporal distribution of mortality help identifying and developing strategies for interventions. Objective To investigate the cluster areas of asphyxia-associated neonatal mortality and to explore its association with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in São Paulo State (SP), Brazil. Methods Ecological study including live births residents in SP from 2004–2013. Neonatal deaths (0–27 days) with perinatal asphyxia were defined as intrauterine hypoxia, birth asphyxia or meconium aspiration syndrome written in any line of the Death Certificate. Geoprocessing analytical approach included detection of first order effects through quintiles and spatial moving average maps, followed by second order effects by global and local spatial autocorrelation (Moran and LISA, respectively) before and after smoothing with local Bayesian estimates. Finally, Spearman correlation was applied between asphyxia-associated neonatal mortality and mean per capita GDP rates for the municipalities with significant LISA. Results There were 6,713 asphyxia-associated neonatal deaths among 5,949,267 live births (rate: 1.13/1000) in SP. Spatial moving average maps showed a non-random distribution among municipalities, with presence of clusters (I = 0.048; p = 0.023). LISA map identified clusters of asphyxia-associated neonatal mortality in the south, southeast and northwest. After applying local Bayes estimates, clusters were more pronounced (I = 0.589; p = 0.001). There was a partial overlap of the areas of higher asphyxia-associated neonatal mortality and lower mean per capita GDP. Conclusions Spatial analysis identified cluster areas of high asphyxia-associated neonatal mortality and low per capita GDP rates, with a significant negative correlation. This optimized, structured, and hierarchical approach to identify high-risk areas of cause-specific neonatal mortality may be helpful for guiding public health efforts to decrease neonatal mortality.

scholarly journals Standard Gravity Inversion Modeling FDI Per Capita GDP in the Ethiopian economy Environment from 1998 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
ALI GABOUSSA ◽  
Wafa Ramdani ◽  
Hayat Otmani ◽  
Salim Keffane
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Analytical Modeling ◽  
Gravity Inversion ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
Positive Effect

The reality of FDI in the Ethiopian economy environment as well as the standard and analytical modeling of the reflection of this type of investment on the economic growth during the period (1998-2017) based on the hypothesis that the policy of attracting foreign investments in the Ethiopian economy has a positive effect in general And per capita GDP in particular. The analytical and standard study concluded with a number of results, including: (1) The Ethiopian economy's qualitative leap coincided with the entry of foreign direct investment into Ethiopia until Ethiopia reached Africa's fastest growing economy in return for the second most attractive country for foreign investment in the world after Angola in 2016. (2) The strength of foreign direct investment (FDI) has been reflected in the size of the GDP, but it has not been reflected in the level required for the welfare of the Ethiopian individual. (3) The standard study indicates that there is a direct correlation between FDI and GDP per capita, meaning that any increase in the volume of FDI in the Ethiopian economy will lead to an increase in per capita GDP.

Contribution of Post-Industrial Orders in Russia per capita GDP, Estimated by the IMF Methodology

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 13-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Басовский ◽  
Leonid Basovskiy ◽  
Басовская ◽  
Elena Basovskaya
Keyword(s):  
International Comparisons ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
The Imf

The purpose of work consisted in receiving estimates of distribution of new technological ways in economy of Russia based on the international comparisons. For the ensuring of the international comparisons the estimates of GDP of Russia are received by taking into account the application of methodology of the IMF. For assessment of a contribution of post-industrial technological ways it was accepted that per capita GDP represents the sum of deposits of industrial and post-industrial ways. It is established that the contribution of post-industrial ways approaches 50%. Employment in systems of new treasures makes no more than 10-20% of the working population.

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