scholarly journals Drivers of export upgrading: Evidence from panel data for upper-middle and high income groups, low and lower-middle income groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Naima Chrid ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Dynamic Ols ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country

The objective of this study is to contribute with empirical evidence to the understanding of the determinants of export upgrading measured through two alternative indicators (export complexity level and degree of export diversification) using a cross-country panel dataset over the 1999-2013 period. For this purpose, a panel cointegration framework and two homogeneous subpanels have been considered based on the income level of the sample countries (upper-middle and high income groups, low and lower-middle income groups). Based on the Dynamic OLS (DOLS) and Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) technique, the results indicate that export upgrading of countries is enhanced by GDP per capita, knowledge creation ( this variable is differentiated into internal knowledge(i.e human capital and research & development) and external knowledge (i.e Foreign Direct Investment and imports) and Institutional quality. The effects of these determinants vary between low, lower-middle income, upper-middle and high income country.

scholarly journals Drivers of export upgrading: Evidence from panel data for upper-middle and high income groups, low and lower-middle income groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Naima Chrid ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Dynamic Ols ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country

The objective of this study is to contribute with empirical evidence to the understanding of the determinants of export upgrading measured through two alternative indicators (export complexity level and degree of export diversification) using a cross-country panel dataset over the 1999-2013 period. For this purpose, a panel cointegration framework and two homogenous subpanels have been considered based on the income level of the sample countries (upper-middle and high income groups, low and lower-middle income groups). Based on the Dynamic OLS (DOLS) and Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) technique, the results indicate that export upgrading of countries is enhanced by GDP per capita, knowledge creation ( this variable is differentiated into internal knowledge(i.e humain capital and research & development) and external knowledge (i.e Foreign Direct Investment and imports) and Institutional quality. The effects of these determinants vary between low, lower-middle income, upper-middle and high income country.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Environmental Efficiency and Environmental Pollution Treatment Efficiency in China’s Industrial Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ning Li ◽  
Ying Feng ◽  
Pei-Ying Wu ◽  
Yung-Ho Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
High Income ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Technical Level ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups

This research adopts the meta Dynamic Directional Distance Functions (DDF) model in order to calculate the environmental efficiency and environmental governance efficiency of China’s industrial sector from 2010 to 2017 from the overall, sub-regional, and sub-provincial perspectives and discusses the technical gaps in regional environmental pollution control and the reasons for ineffective environmental governance. The research results show that the overall level of environmental governance efficiency in China’s industrial sector is relatively high over this time period, and the group frontier calculation results have improved compared to the meta frontier. The actual technical level of the high-income group is closest to the potential technical level, and the upper-middle income group is still far from the potential technical level. The main reason for the ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the high-income group is ineffective management, while the main reason for ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the upper-middle-income groups is technical inefficiency. Regardless of high-income groups or upper-middle-income groups, each province’s inefficiency of environmental governance is caused by inefficiency of the input factors.

scholarly journals Financing Inclusive Growth through FDI: Incorporating the Role of Institutional Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol V (II) ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Muneza Munir ◽  
Ambreen Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Tremendous Amount

Countries need a tremendous amount of investment to utilize existing resources and enhance productivity in order to ensure inclusive growth in the economy. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by providing the required investment can fulfil the saving-investment gap. The paper makes an empirical investigation of the effectiveness of FDI as a financing tool for inclusive growth. The study also examines how the effectiveness of FDI varies across economies with varying level of institutional quality. The results suggest that FDI plays a significant role in achieving inclusive growth, especially in economies with a low and medium level of institutional Quality. A deep underpinning of our inclusive growth variable brought thoughtful insights such as low and middle-income economies, which mostly belong to the low and medium level of institutional quality cluster. They should adopt policies that enhance the existing spectrum of opportunities. Whereas equity should be the top-most priority for high-income economies.

scholarly journals Does entry business regulation deter FDI? Evidence from Dynamic Estimators

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-202
Author(s):  
Kyriakos Emmanouilidis ◽  
Christos Karpetis
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Entry Regulation ◽  
Business Regulation ◽  
Income Groups

The present paper aims to examine the effects of entry business regulation on the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows (net amount) of 185 countries covering a period from 2004 to 2017. For that reason, we estimate a dynamic panel FDI specification, which additionally checks for macroeconomic and institutional factors, using Fixed Effects, Bootstrap Fixed Effects and GMM estimators. Overall, the empirical findings reveal, a negative and statistically significant association between entry regulation and FDI. This suggests that bureaucratic burdens concerning entry regulation can exert adverse effects on the inflow of FDI. Furthermore, when the full sample is separated into different income groups, our findings still indicate evidence of significance, which, however, arises only in the countries of Low and Middle-income. 

scholarly journals Macroeconomic Impact of 2008 Financial Crisis on Countries by Income Groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Erkan DEMIRBAS
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Us ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Macroeconomic Impact ◽  
Weak Growth

<p>The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of the US mortgage crisis on macroeconomic indicators by considering classification of countries by income groups. Using the data of World Development Indicators prepared by World Bank, countries are classified in four groups respectively low-income economies, lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income and high-income economies. For these groups of countries the data of macroeconomic indicators such as economic growth, employment, inflation, export, from 2005 to 2015 are examined. Obtained results show that group of high income countries have not just been heavily affected from 2008 crisis, but also facing problem of weak growth and risk of deflation, whereas middle income economies have been affected from declining commod­ity prices. Present conditions are required to initiate proactive fiscal and monetary policies in the world.</p>

scholarly journals The temporal evolution of income polarization in Canada’s largest CMAs

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0251430
Author(s):  
Lazar Ilic ◽  
M. Sawada
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
High Income ◽  
Fragmented Landscape ◽  
Landscape Mosaic ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Income Polarization ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Using Data

Income polarization is a pressing issue which is increasingly discussed by academics and policymakers. The present research examines income polarization in Canada’s eight largest Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) using data at the census-tract (CT) level between 1971 and 2016. Generally, there are significant decreasing trends in the middle-income population with simultaneously increasing trends in low-income groups. The high-income groups have been relatively stable with fewer significant increasing population trends. Using conventional mapping and cartograms, patterns of the spatial evolution of income inequality are illustrated. Every CMA examined contains an increasing trend of spatial fragmentation at the patch level within each CMA’s landscape mosaic. The results of a spatial autocorrelation analysis at the sub-patch, CT level, exhibit significant spatial clustering of high-income CTs as one process that dominates the increasingly fragmented landscape mosaic.

scholarly journals Corruption, Economic Development and Haze Pollution: Evidence from 139 Global Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajie Liu ◽  
Feng Dong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Per Capita

Long-term exposure to haze pollution will not only affect citizens’ health and shorten their life expectancy, but also cause unpredictable economic losses. In addition, it has become the focus of worldwide concern whether and how institutional quality affects haze pollution. In this study, we explored the impacts of political corruption on haze pollution in 139 global countries. We employed a geographical detector model to identify the driving factors of spatial differentiation in global haze pollution. In addition, corruption degree and per capita gross domestic production (GDP) were used as threshold variables to analyze whether there is a nonlinear relationship between corruption and haze pollution. The main results are as follows. (1) The corruption perception index (CPI) was negatively correlated with haze pollution and had a strong and stable explanatory power for the heterogeneity of haze pollution. Besides, the degree of corruption had a significant triple threshold effect on haze pollution. When the CPI crossed the double threshold value, strengthening institutional quality could inhibit haze pollution. (2) Per capita GDP significantly determined how institutional quality exerted an effect on haze pollution, which was also a key factor affecting spatial heterogeneity of PM2.5 concentration. In high-income countries, choosing a more honest ruling party could substantially reduce haze pollution, while in low-income countries, an incompetent government could increase the degree of haze pollution. (3) The “Matthew effect” was manifested in our study. It indicated that the higher was the level of economic development, the lower was the severity of haze pollution. Based on these results, we state that policy makers cannot simply alleviate haze pollution through anti-corruption construction. For low-income countries, ensuring economic growth is the prerequisite for the substantial alleviation of haze pollution. On the contrary, high-income countries should pay more attention to the integrity of government institutions and strengthen the awareness of anti-corruption.

scholarly journals Is There Cross-Country Income Convergence Among the BRICS Nations? An Examination

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-135
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chandra Das
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Poor Country ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Capita Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country

Narrowing the developmental gaps of a relatively poor country with a relatively rich one is one of the priorities to the policymakers of the former. One way to reduce the developmental gaps is making different countries in a group to converge to a single steady-state value. Under this background, this study aims to examine whether the BRICS nations are converging in per capita GDP for the period 1990–2016. Applying the neoclassical methodology of β convergence and σ convergence, the study observes that the countries are not unconditionally β converging but converging in conditional terms with the variables such as foreign direct investment (FDI) flow and working population acting as the deciding factor. Furthermore, the study shows that the countries are converging in σ definition meaning the cross-country dispersion in per capita gross domestic product (GDP) has fallen significantly. Hence, formation of BRICS has made the countries relatively better off compared to pre-BRICS phase. JEL Classification: E01, O4, J21

E. ANALISIS PEMBENTUKAN MODAL TETAP BRUTO, INVESTASI ASING LANGSUNG, DAN EKSPOR TERHADAP PENDAPATAN NASIONAL PERKAPITA INDONESIA (DALAM MENGHINDARI MIDDLE INCOME TRAP)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Mega Zahira Virtyani ◽  
Dr. Ignatia Martha Hendrati,S.E.,M.E. ◽  
Kiki Asmara,S.E.,MM
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
National Income ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Fixed Capital ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Fixed Capital Formation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Middle Income Trap

Abstrak Pendapatan Nasional Per Kapita merupakan pendapatan rata-rata semua penduduk di suatu negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto, Investasi Asing Langsung, dan Ekspor Barang dan Jasa terhadap Pendapatan Nasional Per Kapita Indonesia dalam menghindari Middle Income Trap. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode regresi linier berganda dengan menggunakan data Indonesia periode tahun 2008-2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan secara bersama-sama variabel Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto, Investasi Asing Langsung, dan Ekspor Barang dan Jasa berpengaruh secara signifikan. Tetapi secara parsial, hanya Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto yang memiliki tingkat signifikan. Sedangkan, Ekspor Barang dan Jasa dan Investasi Asing langsung tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam menghindari Middle Income Trap yaitu Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto, Investasi Asing Langsung, dan Ekspor Barang dan Jasa meningkat secara bersama-sama agar dapat memberikan nilai tambah produktivitas terhadap Pendapatan Nasional Indonesia. Kata Kunci : Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto, Investasi Asing Langsung, Ekspor, Pendapatan Nasional Per Kapita, Jebakan Pendapatan Menengah. Abstract National Income Per Capita is the average income of all residents in a country. The purposes of this research are determine the effect of Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Foreign Direct Investment, and  Exports of Goods and Services on Indonesia's National Income Per Capita in avoiding Middle Income Trap. The method that used in this research is multiple linear regression method using Indonesian data for 2008-2019. The results of this research show that the variables of Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Foreign Direct Investment, and  Exports of  Goods and Services have a significant effect at the same time. Partially, only Gross Fixed Capital Formation has a significant level. Meanwhile, Exports of Goods and Services and Foreign Direct Investment do not have a significant effect. The efforts that can be made to avoid Middle Income Traps, are Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Exports of Goods and Services, and Foreign Direct Investment can be increase at the same time to give extra value for the productivity to Indonesia's National Income. Key Word : Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Foreign Diret Investment, Gross National Income Per Capita, Middle Incom Trap.

Abstract 23: Income Disparity and Utilization of Cardiovascular Preventive Care Services in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andi Shahu ◽  
Victor Okunrintemi ◽  
Martin Tibuakuu ◽  
Safi U Khan ◽  
Martha Gulati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey ◽  
Preventive Services ◽  
High Income ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups

Background: Socioeconomic markers such as income level are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the associations between income and utilization of CVD preventive services, such as receipt of lifestyle advice and screening for CVD risk factors in populations with and without established CVD are less well understood. Methods: We used data from the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2006-2015). We included adults (≥18 years old) and divided the sample population into 2 groups: those with CVD (defined by self-reported and/or ICD9 diagnosis of CVD [coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, cardiac dysrhythmias and/or peripheral arterial disease]) and those without CVD. Participant responses were recorded by telephone survey. Additional information on health care utilization was collected from physicians, hospitals, and pharmacies. We categorized participants as high income (400% of federal poverty level [FPL]), middle income (200-400% of FPL), low income (125-200% of FPL) and poor/very low income (<125% of FPL). We used logistic regression to compare likelihood of utilizing or receiving certain CVD risk preventive services among participants in different income groups, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities and other socioeconomic factors. Results: We included 185,081 participants without CVD (representing 194.6 million US adults without CVD, 48% female) and 32,862 participants with CVD (representing 37 million U.S. adults with CVD); 36% of individuals with CVD were in the high income category, 29% were middle income, 16% and 19% were in the low and poor/very low income group, respectively. Compared with high income adults, adults with low and poor/very low income were less likely to have cholesterol levels or blood pressure checked and receive counseling about diet modifications, exercise, or smoking cessation, regardless of CVD status ( Table ). Conclusion: Poor/very low income adults were much less likely to be screened for CVD risk factors or receive counseling for prevention of CVD than high income adults. More work must be done to reduce disparities in access to and utilization of CVD preventive services among adults in different income groups.

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