Assessment of Productivity and Crop Diversification Pattern in Punjab Agriculture

2021 ◽  
pp. 097674792110313
Author(s):  
Poonam Rani ◽  
Ajeet Kumar Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Lateral Movement ◽  
Entropy Index ◽  
Cropping Intensity ◽  
Regional Factors ◽  
Resource Endowments ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Homogeneous Regions ◽  
Diversification Pattern

This study examines the structure of agriculture productivity and crop diversification across different zones in Punjab, India during 1966–1967 to 2017–2018. The composite entropy index shows that almost all zones are specialised in few crops but some of them are relatively less or some are more. Hence, we found zones are experiencing a lateral movement toward crop specialisation and crop diversification is not happening. Further, results reveals that accessibility of market and roadhave a positive influenced the level of crop diversification are accessibility of market, roads have found a positive influenced on crop diversification. Whereas more use of fertiliser, intensity of irrigation and rainfall have leads to concentration rather than crop diversification. Similarly, study also analysed the factors that are responsible of variation in productivity by regional factors such as better road, fertiliser, urbanisation, literacy and cropping intensity. As the analysis indicates that there is need to emphasise on agro-climatic regional preparation by clearly identifying the existing resource endowments and constraints of the agro-climatically homogeneous regions. JEL: C23,Q10, Q19

scholarly journals Use of Modified Entropy Index and Logit Transformation Model to Access Non-Crop Enterprise Diversification in the Flood Affected Areas of Assam, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 3456-3462
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Transformation Model ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Entropy Index ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Logit Transformation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Flood Prone Areas ◽  
Modified Entropy

Changing climatic condition like increasing density of rainfall, more siltation in the river beds etc., stimulates devastating flood in Assam. Year after year the changing nature of flood in Assam extemporize more risk in agriculture. In such circumstances, risk mitigation and livelihood security in the flood prone agricultural sector of Assam becomes one of the key agendas for development of the small and marginal farmers. Different studies have brought this issue of climate change and risk in agriculture and opined that crop diversification is one of the prolific strategies to mitigate risk and ensure livelihood in agriculture. However, very few studies have mentioned about non-crop enterprise diversification and risk mitigation in the agricultural sector of Assam. Therefore, an attempt has been made to examine the impact of non-crop enterprise diversification in risk mitigation in the flood prone areas of Assam by using Modified Entropy Index and Logit Transformation Model. The findings of the study show that the farmers in the flood prone areas under study diversified more non-crop enterprises than in the flood free areas. Therefore, small and marginal farmers of the flood prone areas of the study can takenon-crop sector to be an effective measure to combat flood like situations.

scholarly journals Rental Market of Pump-sets in the Central and Western Parts of Nepal Plains

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 226-243
Author(s):  
Krishna Sharma ◽  
Binoy Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Extension Service ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Cropping Intensity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rental Market ◽  
Rental Markets ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Using Data

Using data collected from the central and western parts of Nepal plains, we examine the extent of rental market of pump-sets therein, and identify the factors affecting the decision of farm households to purchase the service of pump-sets. Further, the article investigates whether cropping intensity and extent of crop diversification for non-users, owner users and rental users of pump-sets are significantly different. Our analysis suggests that there exist rental markets of considerable sizes in the field study locations. Access to extension service, proportion of high yielding varieties in total cropped land, availability of pump-sets, caste and locational characteristics have been identified as the determinants of the decision to purchase the service of pump-sets. Cropping intensity and extent of crop diversification for the rental users have been found to be higher than those of the non-users and the owner users, and this finding establishes the positive impact of the rental market.

scholarly journals Assessment of Spatial Pattern And Distribution Of Major Crops in Assam, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 92-108
Author(s):  
Ujjal Deka Baruah ◽  
Nitashree Mili ◽  
Manjil Basumatary ◽  
Anup Saikia
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Composite Score ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Cropping Intensity ◽  
Statistical Indices ◽  
The Status ◽  
High Degree

Various indicators such as production, yield, mechanisation of farms, workforce engaged in farming are generally used for the evaluation of the status of the agricultural sector in a region. Of these, the cropping pattern is one such indicator that signifies how developed the farming system of a region is. To assess the cropping pattern, a number of statistical indices are available—cropping intensity, crop combination, crop concentration, and crop diversification. This research seeks to evaluate the cropping pattern in Assam, India and examines the status of its agricultural sector. It was found that the cropping intensity increased at a gradual rate of 3% per decade. A total of nine statistical indices were used to estimate crop diversification. These indices were compared amongst themselves to determine the most optimal method for the study area. It was found that the ogive and entropy methods were best suited to Assam in an evaluation of its crop diversification. Further, these crop diversification values were ranked and thereafter, a composite score (Kendall’s method) was derived. The composite score indicated that much of western and northern Assam had a high degree of crop diversification.

scholarly journals Irrigation-based agricultural intensification and future groundwater potentiality: experience of Indian states

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidur Paria ◽  
Amartya Pani ◽  
Pulak Mishra ◽  
Bhagirath Behera
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Cropping Intensity ◽  
User Groups

AbstractWhile access to assured irrigation is a prerequisite for sustainable agricultural intensification, increasing use of groundwater for the same and decreasing areas under surface irrigation are expected to cause considerable hydro-ecological imbalance and hence serious concerns for sustainability. Importantly, the extent, nature, efficiency and impact of irrigation vary across regions depending on the geophysical and agro-climatic conditions, farming practices and socioeconomic setup. Nevertheless, it is suggested that appropriate crop diversification coupled with necessary policy and institutional supports can potentially reduce pressure on groundwater and make intensification in agriculture sustainable. Given this backdrop, this paper examines impact of irrigation and crop diversification on agricultural intensification and its implications for future groundwater dynamics in major Indian states. Using secondary data and applying panel data regression techniques for the period 1990–1991 to 2014–2015, the paper finds that both greater irrigation facilities and diversified crop basket increase cropping intensity. Similarly, use of more chemical fertilizers and higher yield also influence cropping intensity positively. However, rainfall variations and share of GSDP in agriculture have no significant impact. Based on the literature review and the above findings as well as using the insights from the informal interactions and random discussion carried out with the farmers and others stakeholders (e.g., researchers, community workers, extension service providers, NGO, etc.), the fuzzy cognitive models show that future policies and institutions should focus on improvement in agricultural systems and promoting surface irrigation. Besides, conservation and harvesting of rainwater, efficient functioning of the user groups, judicious use of chemical fertilizers and emphasis on cultivation of less water-intensive crops would also be crucial in this regard.

scholarly journals Crop Diversification in Rangpur Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-271
Author(s):  
MAU Zaman ◽  
S Pramanik ◽  
N Parvin ◽  
A Khatun
Keyword(s):  
Group Work ◽  
Crop Diversity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Cropping Intensity ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Area 5 ◽  
Development Workers

For the planning of future research and development elaborate information and a reliable database on existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity of a particular area are of prime importance for guiding policy makers, researchers, extensionists and development workers. A massive group work was accomplished over all 35 upazilas of Rangpur region during 2016 using pre-tested semistructured questionnaire with a view to document the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity in the area. Boro−Fallow−T. Aman occupied the largest portion (53%) of net cropped area (NCA) with its distribution in all upazilas. The second largest area, 5% of NCA, was covered by Maize−Fallow−T. Aman which was spread out over 23 upazilas. Under the current investigation 134 cropping patterns were identified. The highest number of cropping patterns was identified 31 in Badarganj of Rangpur and the lowest was 10 in Razibpur of Kurigram district. The highest value of CDI was observed 0.991 in Razibpur upazila followed by 0.989 in Chilmari of Kurigram. The range of cropping intensity values was recorded 190-255%. The maximum value was for Gangachara upazila of Rangpur and minimum for Gaibandha sadar upazila. The overall CDI of Rangpur region was calculated 0.871 and the average cropping intensity at regional level was 219%.Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 255-271

scholarly journals Analysis of Resource Endowments of Mustard Growers in Hamirpur District of Bundelkhand Region Uttar Pradesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kalia
Keyword(s):  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Cropping Intensity ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
The Family ◽  
Resource Endowments ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Large Farms

A vigilant study of the resource endowment conditions of farmers is a precondition for the appropriate design and successful implementation of the government’s programs. The study was conducted in Hamirpur district of Bundelkhand during 2019-20 to investigate the resource endowments and socioeconomic status of mustard grower farmers. Maudaha block of Hamirpur was selected, randomly. Primary data was collected from a sample of 120 respondents through structured questionnaire using a multistage sampling. The data indicated that out total respondent’s maximum were found illiterate, majority of farmers were having Pakka house. Agriculture was found to be the major source of income for the farmers of Maudaha block and also provided a source of the dietary needs of the family. Average size holding per farm was found highest under large farms followed by medium and small farms. The cropping intensity of Hamirpur was found less than that of whole Bundelkhand region. Buffalo population was found to be increasing in the region over the period.

Habitat Association of Klebsiella Species

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan T. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Habitat Association ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Polluted Waters

AbstractThe genus Klebsiella is seemingly ubiquitous in terms of its habitat associations. Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation. Until recently, almost all these Klebsiella have been identified as one species, ie, K. pneumoniae. However, phenotypic and genotypic studies have shown that “K. pneumoniae” actually consists of at least four species, all with distinct characteristics and habitats. General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows: K. pneumoniae—humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils; K. oxytoca—frequent association with most habitats; K. terrigena— unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation; K. planticola—sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation; and K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis—infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

SEM Cold Stage Techniques for the Observation of Vegetative and Floral Apices of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Plants

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 590-591
Author(s):  
B. K. Kirchoff ◽  
L.F. Allard ◽  
W.C. Bigelow
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Cold Stage ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Cell Collapse ◽  
Conductive Paint ◽  
Carbon Based

In attempting to use the SEM to investigate the transition from the vegetative to the floral state in oat (Avena sativa L.) it was discovered that the procedures of fixation and critical point drying (CPD), and fresh tissue examination of the specimens gave unsatisfactory results. In most cases, by using these techniques, cells of the tissue were collapsed or otherwise visibly distorted. Figure 1 shows the results of fixation with 4.5% formaldehyde-gluteraldehyde followed by CPD. Almost all cellular detail has been obscured by the resulting shrinkage distortions. The larger cracks seen on the left of the picture may be due to dissection damage, rather than CPD. The results of observation of fresh tissue are seen in Fig. 2. Although there is a substantial improvement over CPD, some cell collapse still occurs.Due to these difficulties, it was decided to experiment with cold stage techniques. The specimens to be observed were dissected out and attached to the sample stub using a carbon based conductive paint in acetone.

Electron microscopy studies of plasma-sprayed materials

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
K.R. Subramanian ◽  
A.H. King ◽  
H. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Spraying ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Ceramic Coatings ◽  
Metallic Substrates ◽  
Hot Plasma ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Plasma Sprayed ◽  
Hostile Environments ◽  
Plasma Spraying Process

Plasma spraying is a technique which is used to apply coatings to metallic substrates for a variety of purposes, including hardfacing, corrosion resistance and thermal barrier applications. Almost all of the applications of this somewhat esoteric fabrication technique involve materials in hostile environments and the integrity of the coatings is of paramount importance: the effects of process variables on such properties as adhesive strength, cohesive strength and hardness of the substrate/coating system, however, are poorly understood.Briefly, the plasma spraying process involves forming a hot plasma jet with a maximum flame temperature of approximately 20,000K and a gas velocity of about 40m/s. Into this jet the coating material is injected, in powder form, so it is heated and projected at the substrate surface. Relatively thick metallic or ceramic coatings may be speedily built up using this technique.

Vacuum System to Minimize the Specimen Contamination of High-Performance EM

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
N. Yoshimura ◽  
K. Shirota ◽  
T. Etoh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Diffusion Pump ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Cascade Type

One of the most important requirements for a high-performance EM, especially an analytical EM using a fine beam probe, is to prevent specimen contamination by providing a clean high vacuum in the vicinity of the specimen. However, in almost all commercial EMs, the pressure in the vicinity of the specimen under observation is usually more than ten times higher than the pressure measured at the punping line. The EM column inevitably requires the use of greased Viton O-rings for fine movement, and specimens and films need to be exchanged frequently and several attachments may also be exchanged. For these reasons, a high speed pumping system, as well as a clean vacuum system, is now required. A newly developed electron microscope, the JEM-100CX features clean high vacuum in the vicinity of the specimen, realized by the use of a CASCADE type diffusion pump system which has been essentially improved over its predeces- sorD employed on the JEM-100C.

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