An Economic Analysis of AIDS — Towards a Proposed Model of Costing: A Singapore Experience

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
JY Lim ◽  
BW Chew ◽  
KH Phua
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Cost Center ◽  
And Control

With the increasing prevalence of HIV infection/AIDS and the extending range of care and treatment, the economic implications of the various prevention and control strategies, and of treatment, have become the subject of interest to policy-makers, public health specialists and health economists. This paper presents an overview of the methods used for the economic analysis of AIDS/HIV infection. It proposes an activity-oriented, cost center-based model for the costing of the economic impact of AIDS, using cost figures in Singapore since 1985, when the National AIDS Control Program was started. Priorities for future research are also identified. Asia Pac J Public Health1994;7(3):143-50.

KW Level Wind Turbine Wind Tracking and Yaw System

2011 ◽  
Vol 148-149 ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Xu Gang Wang ◽  
Guang Qi Cao ◽  
Zhi Guang Guan ◽  
Zu Yu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Program Flow ◽  
And Control

Wind power is an important direction of new energy, which has no pollution, no consuming fossil fuels, and no producing waste, which is widely used at this stage of clean energy. The small stand alone wind power has been paid more and more attention due to its low cost, flexible installation, strong adaptability. This paper introduces the mechanical and electrical structure, which are used in KW level stand alone mode wind turbine automatically track and yaw system. The motion rules and control strategies of the tracking and yaw system are discussed and then the control program flow is provided. The PIC16F873 chip is used as controller for this part in this system. It can fully meet the design requirements, which will reduce costs and increase the system's control ability. This system can automatically track and yaw, according to the wind direction and wind power.

Integration of Renewable Energy in Refrigerated Warehouses

2015 ◽  
pp. 803-853
Author(s):  
Kostadin Fikiin ◽  
Borislav Stankov
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
And Control

Refrigerated warehouses are large energy consumers and account for a significant portion of the global energy demand. Nevertheless the opportunity for integration of renewable resources in the energy supply of large cold storage facilities is very often unjustifiably neglected, whereas the employment of renewable energy for many other industrial and comfort applications is actively promoted and explored. In that context, the purpose of this chapter is to bridge the existing gap by raising the public awareness of stakeholders, researchers, practicing engineers and policy makers about the availability of a number of smart engineering solutions and control strategies to exploit renewables of different nature (solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, etc.) in the food storage sector, as well as by calling the readers' attention to the specialised knowledge in the matter, which has been published so far.

Assessing the Impact of Temperature Change on the Effectiveness of Insecticide-Treated Nets

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Malaria is a vector-borne illness affecting millions of lives annually and imposes a heavy financial burden felt worldwide. Moreover, there is growing concern that global climate change, in particular, rising temperature, will increase this burden. As such, policy makers are in need of tools capable of informing them about the potential strengths and weaknesses of intervention and control strategies. A previously developed agent-based model of the Anopheles gambiae mosquito is extended, one of the primary vectors of malaria, to investigate how changes in temperature influence the dynamics of malaria transmission and the effectiveness of a common malaria intervention: insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Results from the simulations suggest two important findings. Consistent with previous studies, an increase in mosquito abundance as temperature increases is observed. However, the increase in mosquito abundance reduces the effectiveness of ITNs at a given coverage level. The implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Progress in Modeling and Control of Gas Turbine Power Generation Systems: A Survey

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Mohamed ◽  
Ashraf Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
And Control

This paper reviews the modeling techniques and control strategies applied to gas turbine power generation plants. Recent modeling philosophies are discussed and the state-of-the-art feasible strategies for control are shown. Research conducted in the field of modeling, simulation, and control of gas turbine power plants has led to notable advancements in gas turbines’ operation and energy efficiency. Tracking recent achievements and trends that have been made is essential for further development and future research. A comprehensive survey is presented here that covers the outdated attempts toward the up-to-date techniques with emphasis on different issues and turbines’ characteristics. Critical review of the various published methodologies is very useful in showing the importance of this research area in practical and technical terms. The different modeling approaches are classified and each category is individually investigated by reviewing a considerable number of research articles. Then, the main features of each category or approach is reported. The modern multi-variable control strategies that have been published for gas turbines are also reviewed. Moreover, future trends are proposed as recommendations for planned research.

scholarly journals Impacts of Reopening Strategies for COVID-19 Epidemic: A Modeling Study in Piedmont Region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Pernice ◽  
Paolo Castagno ◽  
Linda Marcotulli ◽  
Milena Maria Maule ◽  
Lorenzo Richiardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), is a highly transmittable virus. Since the first person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was reported in Italy on February 21 st , 2020, the number of people infected with SARS-COV-2 increased rapidly, mainly in northern Italian regions, including Piedmont. A strict lockdown was imposed on March 21 st until May 4 th when a gradual relaxation of the restrictions started. In this context, computational models and computer simulations are one of the available research tools that epidemiologists can exploit to understand the spread of the diseases and to evaluate social measures to counteract, mitigate or delay the spread of the epidemic. Methods This study presents an extended version of the Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed-Susceptible (SEIRS) model accounting for population age structure. The infectious population is divided into three sub-groups: (i) undetected infected individuals, (ii) quarantined infected individuals and (iii) hospitalized infected individuals. Moreover, the strength of the government restriction measures and the related population response to these are explicitly represented in the model. Results The proposed model allows us to investigate different scenarios of the COVID-19 spread in Piedmont and the implementation of different infection-control measures and testing approaches. The results show that the implemented control measures have proven effective in containing the epidemic, mitigating the potential dangerous impact of a large proportion of undetected cases. We also forecast the optimal combination of individual-level measures and community surveillance to contain the new wave of COVID-19 spread after the re-opening work and social activities. Conclusions Our model is an effective tool useful to investigate different scenarios and to inform policy makers about the potential impact of different control strategies. This will be crucial in the upcoming months, when very critical decisions about easing control measures will need to be taken.

scholarly journals Impacts of reopening strategies for COVID-19 epidemic: a modeling study in Piedmont region

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Pernice ◽  
Paolo Castagno ◽  
Linda Marcotulli ◽  
Milena Maria Maule ◽  
Lorenzo Richiardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), is a highly transmittable virus. Since the first person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was reported in Italy on February 21st, 2020, the number of people infected with SARS-COV-2 increased rapidly, mainly in northern Italian regions, including Piedmont. A strict lockdown was imposed on March 21st until May 4th when a gradual relaxation of the restrictions started. In this context, computational models and computer simulations are one of the available research tools that epidemiologists can exploit to understand the spread of the diseases and to evaluate social measures to counteract, mitigate or delay the spread of the epidemic. Methods This study presents an extended version of the Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed-Susceptible (SEIRS) model accounting for population age structure. The infectious population is divided into three sub-groups: (i) undetected infected individuals, (ii) quarantined infected individuals and (iii) hospitalized infected individuals. Moreover, the strength of the government restriction measures and the related population response to these are explicitly represented in the model. Results The proposed model allows us to investigate different scenarios of the COVID-19 spread in Piedmont and the implementation of different infection-control measures and testing approaches. The results show that the implemented control measures have proven effective in containing the epidemic, mitigating the potential dangerous impact of a large proportion of undetected cases. We also forecast the optimal combination of individual-level measures and community surveillance to contain the new wave of COVID-19 spread after the re-opening work and social activities. Conclusions Our model is an effective tool useful to investigate different scenarios and to inform policy makers about the potential impact of different control strategies. This will be crucial in the upcoming months, when very critical decisions about easing control measures will need to be taken.

scholarly journals Intelligent Injection Molding on Sensing, Optimization, and Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Jianfeng Zhang ◽  
Zhengyang Dong ◽  
Junye Huang ◽  
Hongwei Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injection Molding ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Geometric Precision ◽  
Optimization And Control ◽  
Active Research ◽  
And Control

Injection molding is one of the most significant material processing methods for mass production of plastic products. It is widely used in various industry sectors, and its products are ubiquitous in our daily life. The settings and optimization of the injection molding process dictate the geometric precision and mechanical properties of the final products. Therefore, sensing, optimization, and control of the injection molding process have a crucial influence on product quality and have become an active research field with abundant literature. This paper defines the concept of intelligent injection molding as the integral application of these three procedures—sensing, optimization, and control. This paper reviews recent studies on methods for the detection of relevant physical variables, optimization of process parameters, and control strategies of machine variables in the molding process. Finally, conclusions are drawn to discuss future research directions and technologies, as well as algorithms worthy of being explored and developed.

Integration of Renewable Energy in Refrigerated Warehouses

2017 ◽  
pp. 721-770
Author(s):  
Kostadin Fikiin ◽  
Borislav Stankov
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
And Control

Refrigerated warehouses are large energy consumers and account for a significant portion of the global energy demand. Nevertheless the opportunity for integration of renewable resources in the energy supply of large cold storage facilities is very often unjustifiably neglected, whereas the employment of renewable energy for many other industrial and comfort applications is actively promoted and explored. In that context, the purpose of this chapter is to bridge the existing gap by raising the public awareness of stakeholders, researchers, practicing engineers and policy makers about the availability of a number of smart engineering solutions and control strategies to exploit renewables of different nature (solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, etc.) in the food storage sector, as well as by calling the readers' attention to the specialised knowledge in the matter, which has been published so far.

scholarly journals Fuzzy Modeling and Control of HIV Infection

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Zarei ◽  
Ali Vahidian Kamyad ◽  
Ali Akbar Heydari
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Fuzzy Control ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Control Function ◽  
Drug Dosage ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Linear Fuzzy Differential Equations ◽  
And Control

The present study proposes a fuzzy mathematical model of HIV infection consisting of a linear fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) system describing the ambiguous immune cells level and the viral load which are due to the intrinsic fuzziness of the immune system's strength in HIV-infected patients. The immune cells in question are considered CD4+ T-cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). The dynamic behavior of the immune cells level and the viral load within the three groups of patients with weak, moderate, and strong immune systems are analyzed and compared. Moreover, the approximate explicit solutions of the proposed model are derived using a fitting-based method. In particular, a fuzzy control function indicating the drug dosage is incorporated into the proposed model and a fuzzy optimal control problem (FOCP) minimizing both the viral load and the drug costs is constructed. An optimality condition is achieved as a fuzzy boundary value problem (FBVP). In addition, the optimal fuzzy control function is completely characterized and a numerical solution for the optimality system is computed.

scholarly journals Co-Circulation of Multiple Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus in Zambia

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 963
Author(s):  
Herman M. Chambaro ◽  
Michihito Sasaki ◽  
Edgar Simulundu ◽  
Isaac Silwamba ◽  
Yona Sinkala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
High Seroprevalence ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control

Bluetongue (BT) is an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants with serious trade and socio-economic implications. Although the disease has been reported in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, there is currently no information on circulating serotypes and disease distribution in Zambia. Following surveillance for BT in domestic and wild ruminants in Zambia, BT virus (BTV) nucleic acid and antibodies were detected in eight of the 10 provinces of the country. About 40% (87/215) of pooled blood samples from cattle and goats were positive for BTV nucleic acid, while one hartebeest pool (1/43) was positive among wildlife samples. Sequence analysis of segment 2 revealed presence of serotypes 3, 5, 7, 12 and 15, with five nucleotypes (B, E, F, G and J) being identified. Segment 10 phylogeny showed Zambian BTV sequences clustering with Western topotype strains from South Africa, intimating likely transboundary spread of BTV in Southern Africa. Interestingly, two Zambian viruses and one isolate from Israel formed a novel clade, which we designated as Western topotype 4. The high seroprevalence (96.2%) in cattle from Lusaka and Central provinces and co-circulation of multiple serotypes showed that BT is widespread, underscoring the need for prevention and control strategies.

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