scholarly journals Sequential Changes in the Humoral Immune Response of Pigs to Pseudorabies Virus after Vaccination, Exposure to Virulent Virus, and Reactivation of Latent Virus

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Mengeling ◽  
Eugene C. Pirtle
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Latent Virus ◽  
Virus Reactivation ◽  
Dexamethasone Treatment ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Attenuated Virus ◽  
Virulent Virus

Sequential changes in the humoral immune response of pigs to pseudorabies virus (PRV) after each of several exposures to the virus were evaluated by determining virus neutralization (VN) and radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) activities of sera collected at selected intervals. Pigs were vaccinated intramuscularly with live attenuated virus (6 pigs), inactivated attenuated virus (6 pigs), or inactivated virulent virus (6 pigs). All pigs were challenged oronasally with virulent virus 3 weeks later and 12 (4 pigs of each vaccine group) were subsequently treated with dexamethasone in an attempt to reactivate latent virus. The relatively low serum titers of VN antibody that were raised by vaccination (titers ranged from 2 to 32) increased markedly (at least 16-fold) for all pigs after exposure to virulent virus. After dexamethasone treatment, the VN titers of 2 pigs increased 16-fold, whereas those of the other 10 dexamethasone-treated pigs and the 6 nontreated pigs either remained the same or increased only minimally (i.e., no more than 2-fold). The results of RIP using 35S-methionine-labeled viral proteins were initially similar to those of VN in that the low levels of serum RIP activity detected after vaccination increased markedly after subsequent exposure to virulent virus. In contrast to VN, however, most pigs (11 of 12) treated with dexamethasone had a clear increase in serum RIP activity. The increase was particularly striking for viral proteins of relatively low (<46K) molecular weight. Precipitating activity for 14C-glucosamine-labeled viral glycoproteins was not detected until after pigs were exposed to virulent virus. The increase in RIP activity detected after dexamethasone treatment was likely due to an additional antigenic stimulus associated with virus reactivation. However, virus was isolated from nasal swabs of only 4 of the 12 treated pigs. None of the results appeared to be affected appreciably by the type of vaccine used for initial immunization.

scholarly journals Pregnancy level of estradiol attenuated virus-specific humoral immune response in H5N1-infected female mice despite inducing anti-inflammatory protection

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1146-1156
Author(s):  
Courtney L. Finch ◽  
Anding Zhang ◽  
Martina Kosikova ◽  
Toshiaki Kawano ◽  
Marcela F. Pasetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Attenuated Virus ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

scholarly journals Comparison of gE/gI- and TK/gE/gI-Gene-Deleted Pseudorabies Virus Vaccines Mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/Lox Systems

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 369
Author(s):  
Jianglong Li ◽  
Kui Fang ◽  
Zhenxiang Rong ◽  
Xinxin Li ◽  
Xujiao Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Efficacious Vaccine

Pseudorabies (PR), caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), is an acute and febrile infectious disease in swine. To eradicate PR, a more efficacious vaccine needs to be developed. Here, the gE/gI- and TK/gE/gI-gene-deleted recombinant PRV (rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI) are constructed through CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/Lox systems. We found that the rGXΔTK/gE/gI was safer than rGXΔgE/gI in mice. Additionally, the effects of rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI were further evaluated in swine. The rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI significantly increased numbers of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in swine, whereas there was no difference between rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI. Moreover, rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI promoted a PRV-specific humoral immune response. The PRV-specific humoral immune response induced by rGXΔgE/gI was consistent with that caused by rGXΔTK/gE/gI. After the challenge, swine vaccinated with rGXΔgE/gI and rGXΔTK/gE/gI showed no clinical signs and viral shedding. However, histopathological detection revealed that rGXΔgE/gI, not rGXΔTK/gE/gI, caused pathological lesions in brain and lung tissues. In summary, these results demonstrate that the TK/gE/gI-gene-deleted recombinant PRV was safer compared with rGXΔgE/gI in swine. The data imply that the TK/gE/gI-gene-deleted recombinant PRV may be a more efficacious vaccine candidate for the prevention of PR.

scholarly journals The Porcine Humoral Immune Response against Pseudorabies Virus Specifically Targets Attachment Sites on Glycoprotein gC

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1752-1760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram T. Ober ◽  
Berthold Teufel ◽  
Karl-Heinz Wiesmüller ◽  
Günther Jung ◽  
Eberhard Pfaff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Host Protein ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Viral Attachment ◽  
Neutralizing Activity ◽  
Humoral Immune

ABSTRACT High titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies directed against glycoprotein gC of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) (Suid herpesvirus 1) are generally observed in the serum of immunized pigs. A known function of the glycoprotein gC is to mediate attachment of PRV to target cells through distinct viral heparin-binding domains (HBDs). Therefore, it was suggested that the virus-neutralizing activity of anti-PRV sera is directed against HBDs on gC. To address this issue, sera with high virus-neutralizing activity against gC were used to characterize the anti-gC response. Epitope mapping demonstrated that amino acids of HBDs are part of an antigenic antibody binding domain which is located in the N-terminal part of gC. Binding of antibodies to this antigenic domain of gC was further shown to interfere with the viral attachment. Therefore, these results show that the viral HBDs are accessible targets for the humoral anti-PRV response even after tolerance induction against self-proteins, which utilize similar HBDs to promote host protein-protein interactions. The findings indicate that the host's immune system can specifically block the attachment function of PRV gC. Since HBDs promote the attachment of a number of herpesviruses, the design of future antiherpesvirus vaccines should aim to induce a humoral immune response that prevents HBD-mediated viral attachment.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Virus Infection

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung-Jin Yoon ◽  
Jeffrey J. Zimmerman ◽  
Sabrina L. Swenson ◽  
Michael J. McGinley ◽  
Ken A. Eernisse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Rate Of Decline

The development of the humoral immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus was monitored by an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum virus neutralization (SVN) test over a 105-day period in 8 pigs experimentally infected with ATCC strain VR-2402. Specific antibodies against PRRS virus were first detected by the IFA test, IPMA, ELISA, and the SVN test 9-11, 5-9, 9-13, and 9-28 days postinoculation (PI), respectively, and reached their maximum values by 4-5, 5-6, 4-6, and 10-11 weeks PI, respectively, thereafter. After reaching maximum value, all assays showed a decline in antibody levels. Assuming a constant rate of antibody decay, it was estimated by regression analysis that the ELISA, IFA, IPMA, and SVN antibody titers would approach the lower limits of detection by approximately days 137, 158, 324, and 356 PI, respectively. In this study, the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay appeared to offer slightly better performance relative to the IFA test, ELISA, and SVN test in terms of earlier detection and slower rate of decline in antibody titers. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that antibody specific for the 15-kD viral protein was present in all pigs by 7 days PI and persisted throughout the 105-day observation period. Initial detection of antibodies to the 19-, 23-, and 26-kD proteins varied among pigs, ranging from 9 to 35 days PI. Thereafter, the antibody responses to these 3 viral proteins of PRRS virus continued to be detected throughout the 105-day study period. These results clearly indicate that the 15-kD protein is the most immunogenic of the 4 viral proteins identified and may provide the antigenic basis for the development of improved diagnostic tests for the detection of PRRS virus antibodies.

scholarly journals Antigen-Specific B-Cell Responses to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 358-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasad Mulupuri ◽  
Jeffrey J. Zimmerman ◽  
Joseph Hermann ◽  
Craig R. Johnson ◽  
Jean Paul Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
B Cell Responses ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes an acute, viremic infection of 4 to 6 weeks, followed by a persistent infection lasting for several months. We characterized antibody and B-cell responses to viral proteins in acute and persistent infection to better understand the immunological basis of the prolonged infection. The humoral immune response to PRRSV was robust overall and varied among individual viral proteins, with the important exception of a delayed and relatively weak response to envelope glycoprotein 5 (GP5). Memory B cells were in secondary lymphoid organs, not in bone marrow or Peyer's patches, in contrast to the case for many mammalian species. Potent anti-PRRSV memory responses were elicited to recall antigen in vitro, even though a second infection did not increase the B-cell response in vivo, suggesting that productive reinfection does not occur in vivo. Antibody titers to several viral proteins decline over time, even though abundant antigen is known to be present in lymphoid tissues, possibly indicating ineffective antigen presentation. The appearance of antibodies to GP5 is delayed relative to the resolution of viremia, suggesting that anti-GP5 antibodies are not crucial for resolving viremia. Lastly, viral infection had no immunosuppressive effect on the humoral response to a second, unrelated antigen. Taking these data together, the active effector and memory B-cell responses to PRRSV are robust, and over time the humoral immune response to PRRSV is effective. However, the delayed response against GP5 early in infection may contribute to the prolonged acute infection and the establishment of persistence.

C3d enhanced DNA vaccination induced humoral immune response to glycoprotein C of pseudorabies virus

2006 ◽  
Vol 347 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiezhu Tong ◽  
Huiying Fan ◽  
Yadi Tan ◽  
Shaobo Xiao ◽  
Jieyu Ling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Dna Vaccination ◽  
Glycoprotein C ◽  
Humoral Immune
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