Epigenetics and Hot Spots of Crime: Rethinking the Relationship Between Genetics and Criminal Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotem Leshem ◽  
David Weisburd
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stressful Environments

There is a growing recognition of the importance of micro-geographic areas in the generation of crime problems. While many studies show that crime is heavily concentrated at crime hot spots, scholars have only begun to examine how living in such places affects human development. We point to an unexplored component of the relationship between living in a hot spot, and crime and violence. We argue that crime hot spots function as violent and stressful environments and thus have long-term, possibly intergenerational, impacts on brain development. It is proposed that living in such places may be associated with DNA methylation profiles related to aggressive behavior. In this context, the study of the epigenetic influences of crime hot spots has tremendous potential for advancing our understanding of crime and violence, as well as generating new approaches for crime prevention.

scholarly journals Hot Spots of Crime Are Not Just Hot Spots of Crime: Examining Health Outcomes at Street Segments

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Weisburd ◽  
Clair White
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
The Relationship

In this article, we seek to identify whether the relationship between health disparities and crime occurs at a micro-geographic level. Do hot spot streets evidence much higher levels of mental and physical illness than streets with little crime? Are residents of crime hot spots more likely to have health problems that interfere with their normal daily activities? To answer these questions, we draw upon a large National Institutes of Health study of a sample of hot spots and non-hot spots in Baltimore, Maryland. This is the first study we know of to report on this relationship, and accordingly, we present unique descriptive data. Our findings show that both physical and mental health problems are much more likely to be found on hot spot streets than streets with little crime. This suggests that crime hot spots are not simply places with high levels of crime, but also places that evidence more general disadvantage. We argue that these findings have important policy implications for the targeting of health services and for developing proactive prevention programs.

The Relationship between Human Development and Economic Growth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Stewart ◽  
Gustav Ranis ◽  
Emma Samman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Econometric Analysis ◽  
Complementary Relationship ◽  
Development Index ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intervening Variables

This chapter explores the interactions between economic growth and human development, as measured by the Human Development Index, theoretically and empirically. Drawing on many studies it explores the links in two chains, from economic growth to human development, and from human development to growth. Econometric analysis establishes strong links between economic growth and human development, and intervening variables influencing the strength of the chains. Because of the complementary relationship, putting emphasis on economic growth alone is not a long-term viable strategy, as growth is likely to be impeded by failure on human development. The chapter classifies country performance in four ways: virtuous cycles where both growth and human development are successful; vicious cycles where both are weak; and lopsided ones where the economy is strong but human development is weak, or conversely ones where human development is strong but the economy is weak.

scholarly journals Redrawing Hot Spots of Crime in Dallas, Texas

2020 ◽  
pp. 109861112095794
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Wheeler ◽  
Sydney Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Predictive Capability ◽  
Enforcement Cost ◽  
Street Segments ◽  
Specific Unit

In this work we evaluate the predictive capability of identifying long term, micro place hot spots in Dallas, Texas. We create hot spots using a clustering algorithm, using law enforcement cost of responding to crime estimates as weights. Relative to the much larger current hot spot areas defined by the Dallas Police Department, our identified hot spots are much smaller (under 3 square miles), and capture crime cost at a higher density. We also show that the clustering algorithm captures a wide array of hot spot types; some one or two addresses, some street segments, and others an agglomeration of larger areas. This suggests identifying hot spots based on a specific unit of aggregation (e.g. addresses, street segments), may be less efficient than using a clustering technique in practice.

scholarly journals Human Development, Political Stability and Economic Growth: The way forward

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-461
Author(s):  
Areeba Khan ◽  
Sulaman Hafeez Siddiqui ◽  
Shahid Hussain Bukhari ◽  
Syed Muhammad Hashim Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Endogenous Growth Models ◽  
Reallocation Of Resources

Economic growth has been known to foster human development for long term economic stability. The evidence of bi-causality in the human development and economic growth nexus is however limited. This paper builds on the reverse causality between human development and economic growth in context of Pakistan, with the moderating impact of political stability. The study applies OLS and VECM on the data collected from World Bank Database from year 2006 to 2018. Our findings exhibit empirical evidence related to endogenous growth models and a significant causal relationship between human development and economic growth, moderated by political stability. The relationship is further explained by trajectories of happiness, health and income redistribution. Our findings suggest efficient reallocation of resources towards human development to address post pandemic growth concerns.

scholarly journals Spurring Economic Growth in Terms of Happiness, Human Development, Competitiveness and Global Innovation: the ASEAN Case

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dio Caisar Darma Darma
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
The Relationship

Happiness, human development, level of competitiveness, and capacity in innovation all play an important role in spurring long-term sustainable economic growth. This study presents the relationship between these factors—happiness, human development, competitiveness, and innovation in the ASEAN region—in how they influence economic growth. To date, there has been a lack of research on this specific issue, and thus it is an interesting and little-known one to study. Panel data were used comprising a combination of time series and cross-sections. The object of the study was ASEAN member countries using the multiple linear regression method. For the years of 2013–2019, we found that overall economic growth had a real impact. The results showed that human development and global innovation are two-way related to economic growth (positive and significant). Conversely, there was an insignificant influence of happiness and competitiveness on economic growth. Competitiveness, in particular, can reduce the level of economic growth. The policy considerations pursued by countries in ASEAN are through the respective governments’ strategic steps to improve the productivity of their populations, because human resources are needed not only as objects but actors in economic activities themselves in managing development.

scholarly journals Short and long-term correlation of social security expenditure and human development: Turkish model

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-112
Author(s):  
Kenan Tasci ◽  
Halim Tatli
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Statistical Institute ◽  
Auto Regressive ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Bounds Test ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between social security expenditures (SSE) and human development in Turkey between 1990 and 2014. The main variables of the analysis include the proportion of social security expenditures in gross domestic product (GDP) for social security expenditures and the re-calculated real Human Development Index (HDI) values, with data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) for human development. In doing so, the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test for co-integration is employed. It has been seen upon conclusion of the analysis that social security expenditures are positively affecting human development on a significant level, in both the short- and long-term.

scholarly journals Impacts of the Mitochondrial Genome on the Relationship of Long-Term Ambient Fine Particle Exposure with Blood DNA Methylation Age

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (14) ◽  
pp. 8185-8195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamaji C. Nwanaji-Enwerem ◽  
Elena Colicino ◽  
Lingzhen Dai ◽  
Akin Cayir ◽  
Marco Sanchez-Guerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Particle Exposure ◽  
Dna Methylation Age ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Does Collective Efficacy Matter at the Micro Geographic Level?: Findings from a Study Of Street Segments

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Weisburd ◽  
Clair White ◽  
Alese Wooditch
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Baltimore City ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
Street Segments ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Many scholars argue that collective efficacy is not relevant to understanding crime at the microgeographic level. We examine variation in collective efficacy across streets with different levels of crime in Baltimore City, MD, and, then, employ multilevel modelling to assess this relationship. We find that people who live in crime hot spots have much lower levels of collective efficacy than people who live in non-hot spot streets and that this relationship persists when controlling for a large number of potential confounders both at the street and community levels. These findings suggest the importance of collective efficacy both in understanding and controlling crime at microgeographic units.

The Long-Term and System-Level Impacts of Institutionalizing Hot Spot Policing in a Small City

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S Koper ◽  
Cynthia Lum ◽  
Xiaoyun Wu ◽  
Tim Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
System Level ◽  
Small City ◽  
Police Agency ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Abstract Numerous studies have shown that hot spot policing (HSP) is effective in reducing crime in small high-risk locations. However, questions remain about the efficacy of HSP outside large cities, its long-term sustainability and effects, and its ability to produce aggregate reductions in crime across large areas. This study highlights a small city police agency that has sustained a systematic, citywide HSP patrol strategy since 2013. A quasi-experimental assessment using nearly 7 years of follow-up data shows the programme reduced crime in targeted hot spots without displacement. Citywide, citizen calls about crime and disorder fell by 14%, with reductions ranging from 12% for disorder calls to 41% for violence calls. This study shows the value of HSP in smaller jurisdictions and supports the theory that HSP can produce large-scale, long-term reductions in crime and disorder when practiced in a manner that has sufficient targeting, dosage, tracking, management, and commitment from leadership.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document