scholarly journals Redrawing Hot Spots of Crime in Dallas, Texas

2020 ◽  
pp. 109861112095794
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Wheeler ◽  
Sydney Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Predictive Capability ◽  
Enforcement Cost ◽  
Street Segments ◽  
Specific Unit

In this work we evaluate the predictive capability of identifying long term, micro place hot spots in Dallas, Texas. We create hot spots using a clustering algorithm, using law enforcement cost of responding to crime estimates as weights. Relative to the much larger current hot spot areas defined by the Dallas Police Department, our identified hot spots are much smaller (under 3 square miles), and capture crime cost at a higher density. We also show that the clustering algorithm captures a wide array of hot spot types; some one or two addresses, some street segments, and others an agglomeration of larger areas. This suggests identifying hot spots based on a specific unit of aggregation (e.g. addresses, street segments), may be less efficient than using a clustering technique in practice.

scholarly journals Redrawing hot spots of crime in Dallas, Texas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Palmer Wheeler ◽  
Sydney Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Enforcement Cost ◽  
Cost Of Crime ◽  
Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Street Segments

In this work we evaluate the predictive capability of identifying long term, micro place hot spots in Dallas, Texas. We create hot spots using a hierarchical clustering algorithm, using law enforcement cost of crime estimates as weights. Relative to the much larger current hot spot areas defined by the Dallas Police Department, our identified hot spots are much smaller (under 3 square miles), and capture crime harm at a higher density per the Predictive Accuracy Index statistic. We also show that the hierarchical clustering algorithm captures a wide array of hot spot types; some one or two addresses, some street segments, and others an agglomeration of larger areas. This suggests identifying hot spots based on a specific unit of aggregation (e.g. addresses, street segments), may be less efficient than using a hierarchical clustering technique in practice. Code and data to reproduce the analysis can be downloaded from https://www.dropbox.com/sh/kcask6pinaaaz4v/AAC4CXk6NzUweyld2n4OznzWa?dl=0

Addressing tent cities: an example of police/non-profit collaboration

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 931-943
Author(s):  
Brittany Solensten ◽  
Dale Willits
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Non Profit Organizations ◽  
The City

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine a collaborative relationship between non-profit organizations and a Midwest police department to address issues of poverty and homelessness. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative interviews were conducted with five non-profit organization workers along with three police officers about social problems in the city between September and December of 2017. Findings The collaboration between non-profit organizations and law enforcement was largely helpful and successful in integrating residents of tent city into existing housing programs within the city, limiting future law enforcement calls addressing latent homelessness issues. Research limitations/implications This qualitative study was exploratory in nature and data were drawn from a single city. Although key stakeholders were interviewed, results are based on a small sample of police and non-profit social service workers. Also, individuals who lived in the tent city were not interviewed. Practical implications This study demonstrates how an approach in addressing tent cities through non-profit organizations and law enforcement collaboration are arguably effective in humanely moving residents of tent cities into housing for a long-term solution to homelessness. Originality/value There is limited research about tent cities especially the long-term effectiveness of dismantling them with various methods. This paper demonstrates one city’s approach to combat homelessness by dismantling a tent city, with a follow-up a few years later showing the effectiveness of a more humane approach, which can set an example for future cities also combating homelessness.

scholarly journals Does Collective Efficacy Matter at the Micro Geographic Level?: Findings from a Study Of Street Segments

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Weisburd ◽  
Clair White ◽  
Alese Wooditch
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Baltimore City ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
Street Segments ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Many scholars argue that collective efficacy is not relevant to understanding crime at the microgeographic level. We examine variation in collective efficacy across streets with different levels of crime in Baltimore City, MD, and, then, employ multilevel modelling to assess this relationship. We find that people who live in crime hot spots have much lower levels of collective efficacy than people who live in non-hot spot streets and that this relationship persists when controlling for a large number of potential confounders both at the street and community levels. These findings suggest the importance of collective efficacy both in understanding and controlling crime at microgeographic units.

The Long-Term and System-Level Impacts of Institutionalizing Hot Spot Policing in a Small City

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S Koper ◽  
Cynthia Lum ◽  
Xiaoyun Wu ◽  
Tim Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
System Level ◽  
Small City ◽  
Police Agency ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Abstract Numerous studies have shown that hot spot policing (HSP) is effective in reducing crime in small high-risk locations. However, questions remain about the efficacy of HSP outside large cities, its long-term sustainability and effects, and its ability to produce aggregate reductions in crime across large areas. This study highlights a small city police agency that has sustained a systematic, citywide HSP patrol strategy since 2013. A quasi-experimental assessment using nearly 7 years of follow-up data shows the programme reduced crime in targeted hot spots without displacement. Citywide, citizen calls about crime and disorder fell by 14%, with reductions ranging from 12% for disorder calls to 41% for violence calls. This study shows the value of HSP in smaller jurisdictions and supports the theory that HSP can produce large-scale, long-term reductions in crime and disorder when practiced in a manner that has sufficient targeting, dosage, tracking, management, and commitment from leadership.

Understanding the Predictors of Street Robbery Hot Spots: A Matched Pairs Analysis and Systematic Social Observation

2020 ◽  
pp. 001112872092611
Author(s):  
Nathan T. Connealy
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Environmental Predictors ◽  
Control Units ◽  
Systematic Social Observation ◽  
Social Observation ◽  
Street Robbery ◽  
Street Segments

This study examines the environmental predictors that classify street robbery hot spots and control street segments in Indianapolis. Empirical controls were generated by matching each hot spot to a corresponding set of zero-crime control and low-crime control units. Then, units were evaluated based on the presence of crime generators and attractors, which were downloaded from open data sources and spatially joined to the street segments, and disorder indicators obtained via systematic social observation using Google Street View. The findings provide information about the influence environmental predictors have on the presence of street robbery hot spots, and whether the composition of hot spots significantly differs from that of similar places that experienced no crime or low counts of crime.

Epigenetics and Hot Spots of Crime: Rethinking the Relationship Between Genetics and Criminal Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotem Leshem ◽  
David Weisburd
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stressful Environments

There is a growing recognition of the importance of micro-geographic areas in the generation of crime problems. While many studies show that crime is heavily concentrated at crime hot spots, scholars have only begun to examine how living in such places affects human development. We point to an unexplored component of the relationship between living in a hot spot, and crime and violence. We argue that crime hot spots function as violent and stressful environments and thus have long-term, possibly intergenerational, impacts on brain development. It is proposed that living in such places may be associated with DNA methylation profiles related to aggressive behavior. In this context, the study of the epigenetic influences of crime hot spots has tremendous potential for advancing our understanding of crime and violence, as well as generating new approaches for crime prevention.

Using “Symbolic” SWAT Raids as a Crime Reduction Strategy: Are Their Effects “Instrumental” in Nature?

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-200
Author(s):  
Dae-Young Kim ◽  
Scott W. Phillips ◽  
Andrew P. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Calls For Service ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Drug Arrests ◽  
Using Data

This study explores the instrumental function of hot spot policing. Although prior research has examined deterrent effects in crime hot spots, less is known about its citywide effects and varying effects across different types of crime and disorder. Also, there still exist gaps in the literature about what strategies are most likely to deter crime and disorder. Using data on crime and law enforcement in Buffalo, this study uses interrupted time-series models to determine whether symbolic Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) raids have any citywide impacts on drug arrests, calls for service, and different types of crimes. There is no evidence of a deterrent effect on drug arrests and calls for service. However, the SWAT intervention resulted in significant decreases in street crimes involving property (robberies and larcenies). Its crime control effects are mostly abrupt and temporary, but there are lingering effects of the intervention. Finally, implications of the results are discussed.

Spatial Hotspot Analysis of Bucharest’s Urban Heat Island (UHI) Using Modis Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgiana Grigoraș ◽  
Bogdan Urițescu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
The City

Abstract The aim of the study is to find the relationship between the land surface temperature and air temperature and to determine the hot spots in the urban area of Bucharest, the capital of Romania. The analysis was based on images from both moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), located on both Terra and Aqua platforms, as well as on data recorded by the four automatic weather stations existing in the endowment of The National Air Quality Monitoring Network, from the summer of 2017. Correlation coefficients between land surface temperature and air temperature were higher at night (0.8-0.87) and slightly lower during the day (0.71-0.77). After the validation of satellite data with in-situ temperature measurements, the hot spots in the metropolitan area of Bucharest were identified using Getis-Ord spatial statistics analysis. It has been achieved that the “very hot” areas are grouped in the center of the city and along the main traffic streets and dense residential areas. During the day the "very hot spots” represent 33.2% of the city's surface, and during the night 31.6%. The area where the mentioned spots persist, falls into the "very hot spot" category both day and night, it represents 27.1% of the city’s surface and it is mainly represented by the city center.

The family Orthotrichaceae (Bryophyta) in flora of Russia: results of revision and biogeographical review

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. E. Fedosov
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Longitudinal Gradient ◽  
Biogeographic Pattern ◽  
The Family ◽  
North Pacific Region

Recent studies on Orthotrichoid mosses in Russia are summarized genus by genus. Orthotrichum furcatum Otnyukova is synonymized with Nyholmiella obtusifolia. Orthotrichum vittii is excluded from the Russian moss flora. Description of O. dagestanicum is amended. Fifty four currently recognized species from 9 genera of the Orthotrichaceae are presently known to occur in Russia; list of species with common synonyms and brief review of distribution in Russia is presented. Numerous problematic specimens with unresolved taxonomy were omitted for future. Revealed taxonomical inconsistencies in the genera Zygodon, Ulota, Lewinskya, Nyholmiella, Orthotrichum are briefly discussed. Main regularities of spatial differentiation of the family Orthotrichaceae in Russia are considered. Recently presented novelties contribute to the certain biogeographic pattern, indicating three different centers of diversity of the family, changing along longitudinal gradient. Unlike European one, continental Asian diversity of Orthotrichaceae is still poorly known, the Siberian specimens which were previously referred to European species in most cases were found to represent other, poorly known or undescribed species. North Pacific Region houses peculiar and poorly understood hot spot of diversity of Orthotrichoid mosses. Thus, these hot spots are obligatory to be sampled in course of revisions of particular groups, since they likely comprise under-recorded cryptic- or semi-cryptic species. Latitudinal gradient also contributes to the spatial differentiation of the revealed taxonomic composition of Orthotrichaceae.

Subjectivity as a factor personal and professional development of a police officer

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 190-197
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Gorelov ◽  
Stanislav Gorelov ◽  
Nikolay Silkin
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Traditional Learning ◽  
Deterministic System ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Internal Affairs

The results of analytical studies of the subject and subjectivity in relation to law enforcement officers based on the academicians Eddy V. Sayko and Anatoly A. Derkach’s fundamental research are presented in the article. Service in the internal Affairs bodies is a deterministic system. It is characterized by huge information flows, extreme neuropsychic and emotional loads, and complex interpersonal relationships. In this regard, increased requirements are imposed on employees of all levels of the law enforcement system. After studying the long-term dynamics of the level of readiness of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia in the framework of self-development, it can be concluded that specialized competencies formed in the classroom according to the traditional system are not transformedinto skills of the highest order. Based on the research, the obvious problem of further improving the methodology of teaching competent actions in the course of performing operational and service tasks in various conditions is revealed. It is reasonable that the traditional learning process involves the development of a specific algorithm of actions in standard situations of operational and service activities, and when introducing various tasks of modeling typical situations, students often cannot complete the task in changing conditions (beyond the standard).

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