Impact of a Nationwide Limited Prescribing List: Preliminary Findings

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 653-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Ferrando ◽  
Martin C. Henman ◽  
Owen I. Corrigan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Mefenamic Acid ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mild Analgesics ◽  
Limited List

In the Republic of Ireland, the state pays the cost of medical care for around 40 percent of the population through the General Medical Services (GMS). Doctors treating GMS patients are entitled to prescribe from an approved list of drugs. In October 1982, many antacids, cough and cold preparations, antihistamines, and mild analgesics were removed from the GMS prescribing list. The visiting rate and the amount of prescribing fell in the GMS during 1982–83. Drug utilization within the GMS was measured using prescription numbers and in the total population using data obtained from pharmaceutical wholesalers expressed as defined daily doses. These results showed substantial changes in GMS prescribing in the utilization of mefenamic acid, carbocysteine, and H2-receptor antagonists associated with the introduction of the limited list, suggesting a switch to these agents from delisted preparations. The therapeutic and economic implications of this policy are discussed.

scholarly journals Klasifikasi Biaya Lingkungan pada Rumah Sakit Jember Klinik

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ridwan ◽  
Septarina Prita D. S ◽  
S. Sudarno
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Cost Categories ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Keywords Cost ◽  
Research Type ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aims to determine the classification of environmental costs at Jember Klinik Hospital and to know whether there are differences in environmental cost classification made by Jember Klinik Hospital with Environment Related Cost Categories of EMA. This research type is qualitative research with descriptive method. Data collection techniques used interview, documentation and obsevation. Test the validity of data in this study using data triangulation . Based on the research, it is concluded that Jember Klinik Hospital classifies environmental costs in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 1204 / MENKES / SK / X / 2004 on Hospital Health Requirements and the environmental cost classification of Jember Klinik Hospital has been in accordance with the ERCC of EMA classification but the cost of research and development is still not implemented by the Jember Klinik Hospital some have been appropriate. Keywords: Cost Classification, Environmental Cost, Hospital, and ERCC of EMA

scholarly journals TOPICAL ISSUES OF IMPROVEMENT OF MEDICAL CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH INFECTIOUS PATHOLOGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Irina Eduardovna Kravchenko ◽  
A. M. Galieva ◽  
M. R. Gataullin ◽  
A. Y. Vafin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Functional Models ◽  
Quality Of Medical Care ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Resource Support ◽  
Observation Period

Purpose. To develop ways to improve the regional model of providing medical care to infectious patients in the Republic of Tatarstan on the basis of the rational use of available resources and the introduction of modern medical technologies. Results and discussion. Over the analyzed observation period of 13 years (2005-2017), there was a significant reduction in the resource provision of the infectious diseases service of the Republic of Tatarstan, including the material and technical base, human resources (infectious disease doctors) and the cost of medical care infectious patients. During the same period, the primary infectious morbidity (FM) of the population tended to decrease (the rate of decline was 17.0%). The significant impact of the resource provision of the infectious service (CID, beds, infectious disease physicians) on the indicators of the IZ population (p <0.05) has been established. Effective ways to improve the ways of improving of specialized medical care for infectious patients are presented - the creation of the Republican Advisory Center for Infectious Pathology and reception and diagnostic departments based on infectious hospitals. Conclusions. The introduction of new structural and functional models in the work of the infectious service will improve the availability and quality of medical care for infectious patients throughout the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan in the context of existing resource support.

scholarly journals Punishment Strategies across Societies: Conventional Wisdoms Reconsidered

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Ramzi Suleiman ◽  
Yuval Samid
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
The Public ◽  
Free Riders ◽  
The World ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost

Experiments using the public goods game have repeatedly shown that in cooperative social environments, punishment makes cooperation flourish, and withholding punishment makes cooperation collapse. In less cooperative social environments, where antisocial punishment has been detected, punishment was detrimental to cooperation. The success of punishment in enhancing cooperation was explained as deterrence of free riders by cooperative strong reciprocators, who were willing to pay the cost of punishing them, whereas in environments in which punishment diminished cooperation, antisocial punishment was explained as revenge by low cooperators against high cooperators suspected of punishing them in previous rounds. The present paper reconsiders the generality of both explanations. Using data from a public goods experiment with punishment, conducted by the authors on Israeli subjects (Study 1), and from a study published in Science using sixteen participant pools from cities around the world (Study 2), we found that: 1. The effect of punishment on the emergence of cooperation was mainly due to contributors increasing their cooperation, rather than from free riders being deterred. 2. Participants adhered to different contribution and punishment strategies. Some cooperated and did not punish (‘cooperators’); others cooperated and punished free riders (‘strong reciprocators’); a third subgroup punished upward and downward relative to their own contribution (‘norm-keepers’); and a small sub-group punished only cooperators (‘antisocial punishers’). 3. Clear societal differences emerged in the mix of the four participant types, with high-contributing pools characterized by higher ratios of ‘strong reciprocators’, and ‘cooperators’, and low-contributing pools characterized by a higher ratio of ‘norm keepers’. 4. The fraction of ‘strong reciprocators’ out of the total punishers emerged as a strong predictor of the groups’ level of cooperation and success in providing the public goods.

scholarly journals Does Corruption Lead to Lower Subnational Credit Ratings? Fiscal Dependence, Market Reputation, and the Cost of Debt

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Maciej Sychowiec ◽  
Monika Bauhr ◽  
Nicholas Charron
Keyword(s):  
Credit Ratings ◽  
National Level ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Sovereign Credit Ratings ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Federal Revenue ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Using Data

Abstract While studies show a consistent negative relationship between the level of corruption and range indicators of national-level economic performance, including sovereign credit ratings, we know less about the relationship between corruption and subnational credit ratings. This study suggests that federal transfers allow states with higher levels of corruption to retain good credit ratings, despite the negative economic implications of corruption more broadly, which also allows them to continue to borrow at low costs. Using data on corruption conviction in US states and credit ratings between 2001 and 2015, we show that corruption does not directly reduce credit ratings on average. We find, however, heterogeneous effects, in that there is a negative effect of corruption on credit ratings only in states that have a comparatively low level of fiscal dependence on federal transfers. This suggest that while less dependent states are punished by international assessors when seen as more corrupt, corruption does not affect the ratings of states with higher levels of fiscal dependence on federal revenue.

scholarly journals Electoral Incentives and the Allocation of Public Funds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederico Finan ◽  
Maurizio Mazzocco
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Term Limit ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Projects ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Politicians allocate public resources in ways that maximize political gains, and potentially at the cost of lower welfare. In this paper, we quantify these welfare costs in the context of Brazil’s federal legislature, which grants its members a budget to fund public projects within their states. Using data from the state of Roraima, we estimate a model of politicians’ allocation decisions and find that 26.8% of the public funds allocated by legislators are distorted relative to a social planner’s allocation. We then use the model to simulate three potential policy reforms to the electoral system: the adoption of approval voting, imposing a one-term limit, and redistricting. We find that a one-term limit and redistricting are both effective at reducing distortions. The one-term limit policy, however, increases corruption, which makes it a welfare-reducing policy.

Investigating the Relationship between Company Competitiveness and Environmental Regulation in European Food Processing: Results of a Matched Firm Comparison

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1585-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
D M W N Hitchens ◽  
J E Birnie ◽  
A McGowan ◽  
U Triebswetter ◽  
A Cottica
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Regulation Costs

The authors use a method of matched-plant comparisons between food processing firms in Germany, Italy, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland to investigate the relationship between environmental regulation and company competitiveness across the European Union. Comparative competitiveness was indicated by measures of value-added per employee, physical productivity, export share, and employment growth. The cost of water supply (public or well), effluent treatment (in-plant treatment and/or sewerage system), and disposal of sludge and packaging were also compared. Total environmental costs in Germany, Italy, and Ireland were small: usually less than 1% of turnover. Compared with the Irish firms, German companies had relatively high environmental costs as well as productivity levels. There was, however, a lack of a clear relationship between company competitiveness and the size of regulation costs: in Ireland and Italy environmental costs were similar but German firms had much higher productivity; compared with German counterparts, Italian firms had lower environmental costs but higher productivity.

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