Idiopathic Thromboembolism Associated with Triphasic Oral Contraceptives

DICP ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 773-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Miwa ◽  
Ann L. Edmunds ◽  
Mark S. Shaefer ◽  
Stephen C. Raynor
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Thrombotic Event ◽  
Thromboembolic Disease ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
Effective Contraception

Oral contraceptives are one of the most effective and widely used of the reversible contraceptive methods. Thromboembolic disease associated with the use of oral contraceptives has been widely reported. In recent years, attempts to understand the pathogenesis of oral contraceptive-induced thromboembolic disease have found a correlation between larger estrogen doses and increased risk for a thrombotic event. Because the newer triphasic oral contraceptives provide effective contraception with a method of administration that mimics normal hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, some prescribers may infer that these products are associated with a decreased incidence of adverse effects over alternative oral contraceptives. We present two cases of idiopathic thromboembolism associated with the use of a triphasic oral contraceptive with a discussion of the proposed pathogenic mechanisms for these events.

Urinary melatonin, LH, oestradiol, progesterone excretion during the menstrual cycle or in women taking oral contraceptives

1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyne Brun ◽  
Bruno Claustrat ◽  
Michel David
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Women

Abstract. Nocturnal urinary excretion of melatonin, LH, progesterone and oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in nine normal women during a complete cycle. In addition, these hormonal excretions were studied in two women taking an oral contraceptive. A high within-subject coefficient of variation was observed for melatonin excretion in the two groups. In the nine normal cycling women, melatonin excretion was not decreased at the time of ovulation, but was significantly increased during the luteal phase compared with that of the follicular phase (P < 0.01). These data are consistent with a positive relationship between melatonin and progesterone during the luteal phase. In the two women under an oral contraceptive, melatonin excretion was found within the same range as for the other nine. The results are discussed in terms of pineal investigation in human.

scholarly journals The risk of breast, cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer in oral contraceptive users

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 657-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Veljkovic ◽  
Slavimir Veljkovic
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Increased Risk

Introduction. Oral contraceptives, mainly combined monophasic pills, are widely used by young women who expect their physicians to prescribe them safe drugs which will not harm their health and which will simplify their life. Numerous epidemiologic studies have been performed to determine the relation between oral contraceptive use and the development of neoplasms. Breast cancer. An increased incidence of breast cancer has occurred simultaneously with the growing use of oral contraceptives. The possibility of a link between the oral contraceptive use and breast cancer has led to intensive research, but studies have provided inconsistent results causing confusion among clinicians. It was noticed that the risk of breast cancer was slightly elevated in current and recent young oral contraceptives users. That finding could be influenced by a detection bias or could be due to the biologic effect of the pills. The absolute number of additional breast cancer cases will be very small because of low baseline incidence of the disease in young women. Oral contraceptives probably promote growth of the already existing cancer, they are probably promoters not initiators of breast cancer. The available data do not provide a conclusive answer that is need. Cervical cancer. Numerous factors may influence the development of cervical cancer. The evidence suggests that current and recent oral contraceptive users have an increased risk of cervical cancer which decline after discontinuation of the application of medication. Oral contraceptives might increase the biological vulnerability of the cervix. Cervical cancer develops slowly over a long time period and can be effectively prevented by periodic cervical screening. Fortunately, oral contraceptives do not mask abnormal cervical citology. Conclusions regarding invasive cervical cancer and oral contraceptive use are not definitive but if there is any increased risk, it is low. Endometrial cancer. In oral contraceptive users the endometrium is almost under the influence of progestin component which suppresses endometrial mitotic activity and its proliferation. Most epidemiologic studies show that oral contraceptives reduce the risk of endometrial cancer and that this protective effect exists many years after the discontinuation of medication. Ovarian cancer. It has been long known that the oral contraceptive use causes protective an ovulation and reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. This powerful reduction is the best demonstrated major benefit of oral contraception. This protection is especially observed in nulliparous and seems to persist for many years after the discontinuation of medication.

The use of oral contraceptives in women over age 35 years

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Robert F Casper ◽  
Selim Senoz ◽  
Avraham Ben-Chetrit
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Older Woman ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Europe Today ◽  
The Impact

Oral contraceptives remain the most widely used form of contraception in North America and Europe today. In spite of the concerns of many women relating to the potential risks of these preparations, recent data have demonstrated that currently available oral contraceptives are safe, with no increased risk of cardiovascular disease or cancer in nonsmoking women. The present review will focus on the impact of oral contraceptive use in the older woman, including a discussion of the noncontraceptive health benefits of oral contraceptives.

scholarly journals Influence of female hormonal fluctuation on maximum occlusal force

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-501
Author(s):  
Thaís Marques Simek Vega Gonçalves ◽  
Lucíola Maria Rodrigues de Vasconcelos ◽  
Wander José da Silva ◽  
Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury ◽  
Renata Cunha Matheus Rodrigues Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Occlusal Force ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Molar Region ◽  
Hormonal Levels

Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle may influence on muscular tensions and probably alter occlusal force. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether hormonal levels affect maximum occlusal force (MOF) of healthy women throughout the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Sixty complete dentate subjects who were not under use of oral contraceptives were selected to participate in this study. MOF was bilaterally evaluated on the molar region, during 3 complete menstrual cycles, using 5.65 mm-wide sensors. Measurements were carried out during each of the following menstrual cycle phases: menstrual, follicular, periovulatory and luteal, presumed by ovulation test. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test (p<0.05). Comparisons among menstrual cycle phases showed no differences on MOF (p=0.27). Under the conditions of this study, it may be concluded that hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle do not affect MOF of a sample of healthy women.

Urine Free Dopamine in Normal Primigravid Pregnancy and Women Taking Oral Contraceptives

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Perkins ◽  
K. W. Hancock ◽  
G. F. Cope ◽  
M. R. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Normal Volunteer ◽  
Combined Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Combined Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

1. Urine free dopamine was estimated at predetermined points of the menstrual cycle in normal volunteer subjects and in women taking a combined oral contraceptive. 2. There was no alteration in 24 h urine dopamine during the normal menstrual cycle but, in contrast, combined oral contraceptives produced a fall which recovered premenstrually. 3. In 19 primigravid subjects 24 h urine free dopamine was estimated at monthly intervals throughout pregnancy and at the time of the postnatal examination. 4. Urine dopamine was elevated throughout pregnancy when compared with postnatal values. Women receiving an oral progestogen contraceptive at the time of the postnatal examination showed a further fall in urine dopamine.

Oral contraceptive use and risk of suicidal behavior among young women

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Alexis C. Edwards ◽  
Sara Larsson Lönn ◽  
Casey Crump ◽  
Eve K. Mościcki ◽  
Jan Sundquist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Oral contraceptive use has been previously associated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior in some, but not all, samples. The use of large, representative, longitudinally-assessed samples may clarify the nature of this potential association. Methods We used Swedish national registries to identify women born between 1991 and 1995 (N = 216 702) and determine whether they retrieved prescriptions for oral contraceptives. We used Cox proportional hazards models to test the association between contraceptive use and first observed suicidal event (suicide attempt or death) from age 15 until the end of follow-up in 2014 (maximum age 22.4). We adjusted for covariates, including mental illness and parental history of suicide. Results In a crude model, use of combination or progestin-only oral contraceptives was positively associated with suicidal behavior, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.73–2.78 after 1 month of use, and 1.25–1.82 after 1 year of use. Accounting for sociodemographic, parental, and psychiatric variables attenuated these associations, and risks declined with increasing duration of use: adjusted HRs ranged from 1.56 to 2.13 1 month beyond the initiation of use, and from 1.19 to 1.48 1 year after initiation of use. HRs were higher among women who ceased use during the observation period. Conclusions Young women using oral contraceptives may be at increased risk of suicidal behavior, but risk declines with increased duration of use. Analysis of former users suggests that women susceptible to depression/anxiety are more likely to cease hormonal contraceptive use. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether the observed association is attributable to a causal mechanism.

scholarly journals Structure based virtual docking and molecular dynamics guided identification of potential phytoconstituents from traditionally used female antifertility plant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keerthi Priya ◽  
Suman Manandhar ◽  
Runali Sankhe ◽  
M Manjunath Setty ◽  
UV Babu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Promising Result ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Energy Calculation ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Protein Preparation ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Oral contraceptives are very widely used agents to check unwanted pregnancies. They contain synthetic analogues of estrogen and progesterone hormones. Estrogen is an important hormone that plays a significant role in menstrual cycle, ovulation, fertilization and implantation. Estrogen receptor α (ERα) can modulate the ovulation, fertilization or receptivity of the uterus. Oral contraceptives pose mild to severe adverse effects such as menstrual cycle disorders, metabolic alterations and increased risk of cancers. It is essential to identify and screen alternative contraceptives that are safer to use. The present study was aimed at identifying the compounds from Cissampelos pareira that is traditionally used for antifertility activity. Methods: The compounds reported from the plant are collected and prepared using the protein preparation wizard. The protein, ERα was selected from protein data bank (1G5O) and prepared. The ligands were docked with the protein and the hits were selected for further screening of free energy calculation, induced fit docking and molecular dynamics simulations based on the respective scores and various interactions. Results: Among various compounds, Coclaurine and Norruffscine have been identified to interact with ERα and possess similar interactions as that of the endogenous ligand, estradiol. The compounds also showed drug-like properties in Qikprop analysis and promising result in the molecular dynamics simulation studies. Conclusion: Considering the dock scores, molecular interactions with the ERα receptor and energy calculations, the compounds Coclaurine and Norruffscine were found to have good binding properties. Further in vitro and in vivo evaluation are warranted for confirmation.

Benefits and risks of oral contraception

2010 ◽  
pp. 2191-2195
Author(s):  
John Guillebaud
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Oral Contraception ◽  
Combined Oral Contraceptives

Efficacy of the ‘pill’ as an oral contraceptive—users of combined oral contraceptives (COC) must understand the importance of not lengthening the pill-free (contraception-deficient) time, and be appropriately advised if prescribed enzyme-inducing drugs. Noncontraceptive benefits of COC use—these include fewer disorders of the menstrual cycle and less risk of colorectal cancer and cancers of the ovary and endometrium, which may sometimes provide the principal indication for prescription....

Drug Interactions with Oral Contraceptives

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. D'Arcy
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Contraceptive Steroids ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Contraceptive Activity

In the very rare cases where a pregnancy occurs during oral contraceptive use, the blame is usually laid against the patient for having forgotten to take the pill. Evidence has started to accumulate to suggest that neither the patient nor the pill is at fault in some contraceptive failures. It may be because the patient is taking other medicines and these may be preventing the pill from suppressing ovulation. Most drug interactions reducing or negating contraceptive activity are due to concomitant use of drugs having microsomal enzyme-inducing activity (e.g., some antibiotics, especially rifampicin, and anticonvulsants, including phenobarbital, Phenytoin, and primidone. Other antibiotics (e.g., tetracycline) may also interact by interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of contraceptive steroids. Less well appreciated, oral contraceptive steroids may themselves modify the metabolism and pharmacological activity of various other drugs (e.g., anticoagulants, benzodiazepines, β-blockers, caffeine, corticosteroids, and tricyclic antidepressants); in this respect the oral contraceptives are acting as enzyme inhibitors. Contraceptive steroids may also interact with drugs that cause enzyme inhibition and this delays the metabolism of the hormonal agents. Interactions of this type would be expected to potentiate the action of the contraceptive steroids. It is suggested that the effects of such interaction might be presented in terms of increased incidence of side effects, including water retention, diabetogenic effects, hypertension, and an increased risk of thromboembolic disorders. The spectrum of interactions with oral contraceptives is presented in three tables.

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