scholarly journals Legislative Gender Diversity and the Resolution of Civil Conflict

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca H. Best ◽  
Sarah Shair-Rosenfield ◽  
Reed M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
War Termination ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Negotiated Settlement ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Conflict Termination ◽  
The Impact

Policy makers and scholars have shown increased interest in gendered approaches to peacemaking, even as evidence of women’s impact on peace processes has remained unclear. In this paper, we explore the influence of gender diversity among decision-making elites on the outcome of ongoing civil conflicts. Specifically, we argue that increased female representation within the national legislature increases the likelihood that a conflict terminates in a negotiated settlement. However, the impact of legislative female representation on conflict termination is conditioned by the power of the legislature vis-à-vis the executive, suggesting that gender diversity exerts a greater impact in states with more authoritative legislatures. We evaluate our hypotheses using data on the manner of conflict termination and the proportion of women in national legislatures between 1945 and 2009. Our results show support for the central argument, suggesting that increasing female representation within legislative bodies increases the likelihood of war termination via negotiated settlement.

scholarly journals The impact of foreign fighters on civil conflict outcomes

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 205316801772205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany S. Chu ◽  
Alex Braithwaite
Keyword(s):  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Negotiated Settlement ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
The Government ◽  
Foreign Fighters ◽  
Conflict Outcomes ◽  
The Impact

There has been a great deal of discussion about the large volumes of foreign fighters involved in civil conflicts in Syria and Iraq over recent years. Yet, there remains little systematic evidence about the effect, if any, that foreign fighters have upon the conflicts they join. Existing literature distinguishes between the resources fighters bring to rebel groups and the liability they represent in regards to campaign cohesion. We seek to establish preliminary evidence as to whether or not foreign fighters contribute to the success of the campaigns they join. Our multinomial logistic and competing risks regression analyses of civil conflicts between 1946 and 2013 suggest that foreign fighters are associated with a decreased likelihood of government victory. Furthermore, we offer partial evidence to suggest that foreign fighters from non-contiguous countries are more likely to help rebels achieve a negotiated settlement or to continue their struggle against the government, but not to directly help them achieve victory.

Democracy, reputation for resolve, and civil conflict

2021 ◽  
pp. 002234332110246
Author(s):  
Casey Crisman-Cox
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Model ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Dynamic Game ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Credibility Theory ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Open Question

There is a long-running disagreement about how regime type affects a country’s ability to project resolve. Specifically, there is an open question about whether being a democracy helps or hurts a country’s reputation for resolve. I consider this question by directly estimating a state’s reputation for resolve using a unified theoretical and statistical approach. To be precise, I derive an empirical model from a dynamic game of continuous-time bargaining where each side fights in order to build a reputation for resolve. I then fit this model using data on the duration and termination of civil conflicts between 1946 and 2009. I find that while governments tend to have stronger reputations for resolve than the rebels they face, democracies are seen as much less likely to be resolved both prior to and during conflict than their autocratic counterparts. Likewise, democracies are more likely to end a conflict by making a policy change in favor of the rebels than autocracies. Despite these differences, both democracies and autocracies experience a discrete increase in their reputations for resolve once conflict begins, with democracies receiving a much larger boost. As such, these findings contrast with a large literature on democratic credibility theory, while simultaneously providing evidence consistent with some of the logic behind democratic credibility theory.

Please Help Us (or Don’t): External Interventions and Negotiated Settlements in Civil Conflicts

2020 ◽  
pp. 002200272095041
Author(s):  
Heather Elko McKibben ◽  
Amy Skoll
Keyword(s):  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Bargaining Process ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Negotiated Settlement ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Negotiated Settlements ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Conflict Outcomes ◽  
External Interventions ◽  
External Intervention

How do different types of external intervention affect the likelihood of a negotiated settlement in civil conflicts? Drawing on the negotiation literature, which shows that the nature of the parties’ “best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA)” influences the bargaining process between them, we argue different types of intervention affect governments’ and rebel groups’ BATNAs in different ways. This, in turn, affects the likelihood of a negotiated settlement. To test this argument, we address the fact that interventions are nonrandom, and that characteristics of civil conflicts that lead to different types of intervention also influence the likelihood of a negotiated settlement. We therefore use a two-stage statistical model. The first stage predicts the likelihood of different types of intervention, and drawing on those results, the second stage analyzes the likelihood of a negotiated settlement. The results provide insights into how different types of intervention affect civil conflict outcomes.

Shaking Hands with the Internal Enemy: Democracy and Civil Conflict Settlement

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-856
Author(s):  
Omer Zarpli
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Negotiated Settlements ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Novel Theory ◽  
Using Data

Abstract How does regime type affect the likelihood of negotiated settlements that end civil conflicts? A limited number of previous studies have offered divergent theories and mixed findings about whether democracy is an asset or a liability. I draw these disparate findings together and present a novel theory on why leaders under fully democratic and autocratic regimes may have a particularly difficult time in peacemaking, and how leaders in anocratic (hybrid) regimes are more likely to be successful in reaching negotiated settlements. Thus, I hypothesize that the relationship between regime type and the likelihood of conflict-resolution is inverted U-shaped. I test this hypothesis using data on all internal conflicts between 1946 and 2014, and find empirical support. The findings suggest that even if anocracies are more prone to the outbreak of civil wars as has been proposed by previous studies, they are also better at settling these conflicts.

scholarly journals The Imperative to Explore the Impact of Disarmament on Peacemaking Efforts and Conflict Recurrence

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Levin ◽  
Dan Miodownik
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Internal Armed Conflict ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
Conflict Termination ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Durable Peace

AbstractThere is today a well-established consensus that belligerents must be disarmed in order to reconstruct shattered states and establish a robust and durable peace in the wake of internal armed conflict. Indeed, nearly every UN peacekeeping intervention since the end of the Cold War has included disarmament provisions in its mandate. Disarmament is guided by the arrestingly simple premise that weapons cause conflict and, therefore, must be eradicated for a civil conflict to end. If the means by which combatants fight are eliminated, it is thought, actors will have little choice but to commit to peace. Disarmament is, therefore, considered a necessary condition for establishing the lasting conditions for peace. To date, however, no systematic quantitative analysis has been undertaken of the practice of disarmament and the causal mechanisms remain underspecified. This paper is a preliminary attempt to fill that gap. In it we outline a series of hypotheses with which to run future statistical analyses on the effects of disarmament programs. The success of negotiations and the durability of peace are, perhaps, the single most salient issues concerning those engaged in conflict termination efforts. We therefore focus the bulk of this paper on a review of the supposed effects of disarmament on negotiating outcomes and war recurrence.

scholarly journals Campaigning on the welfare state: The impact of gender and gender diversity

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurenz Ennser-Jedenastik
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Election Campaigns ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Press Releases ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Welfare State

Social policy matters have long been considered women’s issues. Extant research has documented a strong link between gender and the policies of the welfare state in the legislative, executive and electoral arenas. Yet what determines the strength of this association has largely been left unexplored. Drawing on tokenism theory, this article proposes gender diversity at the group level as a key explanatory factor. It hypothesizes that the gender gap in social policy diminishes as the female representation in a political party increases. To test this argument, it examines almost 8000 press releases issued by over 600 politicians during four election campaigns in Austria between 2002 and 2013. The analysis demonstrates that women talk more about social policy issues during election campaigns than men, but that this emphasis gap disappears for parties with a more equal gender balance. These results have important implications for our understanding of the politics of gender and social policy.

scholarly journals Civil War and Female Empowerment

2020 ◽  
pp. 002200272098340
Author(s):  
Ingrid Vik Bakken ◽  
Halvard Buhaug
Keyword(s):  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Female Empowerment ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Negotiated Settlement ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
Transformative Potential ◽  
Sustained Effort ◽  
Gender Specific

Recent research has directed attention to the transformative potential of war for female empowerment. As a disruptive shock, armed conflict can create a window of opportunity for advancing the societal role of women. We complement this research agenda by looking at how conflict severity and termination condition the outcomes for women in the aftermath of civil conflict. We expect that both level of violence and mode of resolution affect subsequent female empowerment, where severe conflicts ending by a negotiated settlement have the greatest transformative potential. Consistent with expectations, we find that post-conflict improvements in female empowerment occur primarily after high-intensity civil conflicts. However, subsequent tests reveal that this effect is driven largely by conflicts terminated by peace agreements. The greatest improvement in female empowerment is seen when peace agreements have gender-specific provisions. These results support calls for a sustained effort toward mainstreaming gender issues in conflict resolution and peacebuilding processes.

scholarly journals The Influence of Board of Director Gender Diversity on Gendered Corporate Social Responsibility

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Wenlu McIntosh ◽  
John C. McIntosh **
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Organizational Outcomes ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Board Of Director ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the impact of board of director gender diversity on organizational outcomes associated with gendered corporate social responsibility (GCSR). The study employs a sample of 458 companies reported in the 2018 RobecoSam sustainability report to examine the relationship between the board of director gender diversity (GD) to GCSR performance. In particular, it examines the influence of GD on the percentage of women hired by a company, female employee turnover, and recruitment of female managers. The study shows companies with high GD have a higher percentage of female employees and have greater female representation in managerial ranks. There was no support for higher GD and lower turnover among female employees.

Right “Man” for the Job? The Influence of Gender on Civil–Military Friction

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Schroeder ◽  
Jonathan Powell
Keyword(s):  
Chief Executive ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Female Legislators ◽  
Women In Parliament ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Coup Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of women in politics on the risk of a coup d’état. Previous research indicates that the relationship between female political leaders and security is dependent on the office she holds. Subsequently, we expect female legislators to have a different influence than a female chief executive on the likelihood of a coup. We argue that a higher level of female representation reduces the risk of a coup d’état. However, we assert that a female chief executive has a different effect and increases coup risk. Using data covering 160 states over the years 1952 to 2009, our empirical tests provide support for our expectations. All else being equal, increased levels of women in parliament lead to a substantial drop in coup likelihood. However, the argument that a female chief executive will be more coup prone is not fully supported in our findings.

Women As Drivers Of Japanese Firms Success: The Effect Of Women Managers And Gender Diversity On Firm Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiko Nakagawa ◽  
G. M. Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Women Managers ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Compensation Policy ◽  
Japanese Firms ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

While various theoretical arguments have been constructed that imply that a firm would see improved financial performance by increasing the proportion of women managers, previous studies on the issue, in Japan and elsewhere, have shown mixed results. Using data from Toyo Keizai and Nikkei NEEDS on 745 Japanese-listed companies, the authors investigate the impact of womens managerial participation and, more generally, overall workplace and managerial gender diversity on corporate performance. They find a robust significant positive relationship between firm performance and both female manager ratio and gender diversity, after controlling for industry, firm size, capital structure, corporate governance, and compensation policy. This relationship also exhibits substantial nonlinearity, with the benefit decreasing as the proportion of women managers or managerial gender diversity increases.

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