scholarly journals Envisioning an Analog Work Domain Across Deep-Ocean Exploration and Human-Robot Spaceflight Exploration

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 292-296
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Miller ◽  
Zara Mirmalek ◽  
Darlene S.S. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Team ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Ocean Science ◽  
Ocean Exploration ◽  
Natural Scientists ◽  
Work Domain

What if one existing work domain could be leveraged to inform an instantiation of a second type of work domain? This is the question that informed a three year NASA-funded study, SUBSEA (Systematic Underwater Biogeochemical Science and Exploration Analog), on the use of ocean science and exploration via telepresence as an analog for future human-robot spaceflight. SUBSEA included two field programs performed in 2018 and 2019. Each was comprised of a multidisciplinary team of natural scientists studying deep-sea venting sites in tandem with a team of social scientists conducting work ethnography to understand the existing ocean exploration domain. This paper presents results from the 2018 field program which includes analyses that were required to generate specific “flight-like” conditions for the 2019 field program.

scholarly journals A Blueprint for an Inclusive, Global Deep-Sea Ocean Decade Field Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry L. Howell ◽  
Ana Hilário ◽  
A. Louise Allcock ◽  
David M. Bailey ◽  
Maria Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Ocean Science

The ocean plays a crucial role in the functioning of the Earth System and in the provision of vital goods and services. The United Nations (UN) declared 2021–2030 as the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. The Roadmap for the Ocean Decade aims to achieve six critical societal outcomes (SOs) by 2030, through the pursuit of four objectives (Os). It specifically recognizes the scarcity of biological data for deep-sea biomes, and challenges the global scientific community to conduct research to advance understanding of deep-sea ecosystems to inform sustainable management. In this paper, we map four key scientific questions identified by the academic community to the Ocean Decade SOs: (i) What is the diversity of life in the deep ocean? (ii) How are populations and habitats connected? (iii) What is the role of living organisms in ecosystem function and service provision? and (iv) How do species, communities, and ecosystems respond to disturbance? We then consider the design of a global-scale program to address these questions by reviewing key drivers of ecological pattern and process. We recommend using the following criteria to stratify a global survey design: biogeographic region, depth, horizontal distance, substrate type, high and low climate hazard, fished/unfished, near/far from sources of pollution, licensed/protected from industry activities. We consider both spatial and temporal surveys, and emphasize new biological data collection that prioritizes southern and polar latitudes, deeper (> 2000 m) depths, and midwater environments. We provide guidance on observational, experimental, and monitoring needs for different benthic and pelagic ecosystems. We then review recent efforts to standardize biological data and specimen collection and archiving, making “sampling design to knowledge application” recommendations in the context of a new global program. We also review and comment on needs, and recommend actions, to develop capacity in deep-sea research; and the role of inclusivity - from accessing indigenous and local knowledge to the sharing of technologies - as part of such a global program. We discuss the concept of a new global deep-sea biological research program ‘Challenger 150,’ highlighting what it could deliver for the Ocean Decade and UN Sustainable Development Goal 14.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Maria Baker ◽  
Eva Ramirez-Llodra ◽  
Paul Alan Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Societal Challenges ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sound Management ◽  
Future Work

There has never been a time like the present when there is so much media, scientific, and economic interest in the deep waters of the world ocean and the animals that live there. It is increasingly important for students and new researchers, as well as experienced scientists, to understand how their research can help to address pressing societal challenges. It is beneficial for deep-sea scientists, social scientists, lawyers, authorities, conservationists, industry, and civil society to have broad knowledge of the issues surrounding exploitation in the deep ocean, which has gradually become an increasingly important research focus. The current and future work of deep-sea scientists in all disciplines provides rigorous scientific data and knowledge to support sound management of human activities in this highly complex and variable realm. In this volume, we have brought together internationally recognised scientists, economists, and legal experts to describe the processes by which humans can benefit from the natural capital of the deep sea in a sustainable framework. For this to happen, communication between all deep-sea stakeholders is essential, and this volume aims to facilitate future discussions between the many different sectors of society who may influence the global deep ocean for future generations.

OCEAN EXPLORATION: Deep-Sea Mountaineering

Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 301 (5636) ◽  
pp. 1034-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Malakoff
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Ocean Exploration

scholarly journals Glacial – interglacial atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> change: a simple "hypsometric effect" on deep-ocean carbon sequestration?

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Carbon Reservoir ◽  
Ocean Carbon

Abstract. Given the magnitude and dynamism of the deep marine carbon reservoir, it is almost certain that past glacial – interglacial fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 have relied at least in part on changes in the carbon storage capacity of the deep sea. To date, physical ocean circulation mechanisms that have been proposed as viable explanations for glacial – interglacial CO2 change have focussed almost exclusively on dynamical or kinetic processes. Here, a simple mechanism is proposed for increasing the carbon storage capacity of the deep sea that operates via changes in the volume of southern-sourced deep-water filling the ocean basins, as dictated by the hypsometry of the ocean floor. It is proposed that a water-mass that occupies more than the bottom 3 km of the ocean will essentially determine the carbon content of the marine reservoir. Hence by filling this interval with southern-sourced deep-water (enriched in dissolved CO2 due to its particular mode of formation) the amount of carbon sequestered in the deep sea may be greatly increased. A simple box-model is used to test this hypothesis, and to investigate its implications. It is suggested that up to 70% of the observed glacial – interglacial CO2 change might be explained by the replacement of northern-sourced deep-water below 2.5 km water depth by its southern counterpart. Most importantly, it is found that an increase in the volume of southern-sourced deep-water allows glacial CO2 levels to be simulated easily with only modest changes in Southern Ocean biological export or overturning. If incorporated into the list of contributing factors to marine carbon sequestration, this mechanism may help to significantly reduce the "deficit" of explained glacial – interglacial CO2 change.

scholarly journals The Search for Supernova-Produced Radionuclides in Terrestrial Deep-Sea Archives

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Feige ◽  
A. Wallner ◽  
S. R. Winkler ◽  
S. Merchel ◽  
L. K. Fifield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Marine Sediment ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Massive Stars ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Supernova Shell ◽  
Process Element ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractAn enhanced concentration of 60Fe was found in a deep ocean crust in 2004 in a layer corresponding to an age of ∼2 Myr. The confirmation of this signal in terrestrial archives as supernova-induced and the detection of other supernova-produced radionuclides is of great interest. We have identified two suitable marine sediment cores from the South Australian Basin and estimated the intensity of a possible signal of the supernova-produced radionuclides 26Al, 53Mn, 60Fe, and the pure r-process element 244Pu in these cores. The finding of these radionuclides in a sediment core might allow us to improve the time resolution of the signal and thus to link the signal to a supernova event in the solar vicinity ∼2 Myr ago. Furthermore, it gives us an insight into nucleosynthesis scenarios in massive stars, condensation into dust grains and transport mechanisms from the supernova shell into the solar system.

Deep-sea panoramas: Progress and remaining challenges in late Miocene stratigraphy and climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Joy Drury ◽  
Thomas Westerhold ◽  
David A. Hodell ◽  
Mitchell Lyle ◽  
Cédric M. John ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Climate Evolution ◽  
Deep Ocean Circulation ◽  
Geological Timescale

&lt;p&gt;During the late Miocene, meridional sea surface temperature gradients, deep ocean circulation patterns, and continental configurations evolved to a state similar to modern day. Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O) and carbon (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C) isotope stratigraphy remains a fundamental tool for providing accurate chronologies and global correlations, both of which can be used to assess late Miocene climate dynamics. Until recently, late Miocene benthic &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C stratigraphies remained poorly constrained, due to relatively poor global high-resolution data coverage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, I present ongoing work that uses high-resolution deep-sea foraminiferal stable isotope records to improve late Miocene (chrono)stratigraphy. Although challenges remain, the coverage of late Miocene benthic &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C stratigraphies has drastically improved in recent years, with high-resolution records now available across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The recovery of these deep-sea records, including the first astronomically tuned, deep-sea integrated magneto-chemostratigraphy, has also helped to improve the late Miocene geological timescale. Finally, I will briefly touch upon how our understanding of late Miocene climate evolution has improved, based on the high-resolution deep-sea archives that are now available.&lt;/p&gt;

A holistic vision for our future deep ocean

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-206
Author(s):  
Eva Ramirez-Llodra ◽  
Maria Baker ◽  
Paul Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Industrial Solutions ◽  
Sound Management ◽  
Holistic Vision

Healthy oceans are essential to maintain a healthy planet, but the ocean is facing many challenges that need urgent attention. Robust scientific data and innovative technological, policy, and industrial solutions are essential to support sound management of the deep-ocean natural capital, both within and beyond national jurisdiction, to ensure future healthy and productive oceans. As with many systems on Earth, there is a delicate ecological balance in the deep ocean that must be maintained. Understanding the interactions of the different components of natural capital in the deep sea is complex, as many of the variables are interlinked and many have cumulative and synergistic effects on the ecosystem. Add to this the global and changing effects of climate change and ocean acidification, and legislators and managers have a tough job ahead to account for all of these issues when designing appropriate conservation measures. It is important that scientists work hand in hand with multiple stakeholders to identify issues and research needs that contribute to enhancing knowledge and the science needed for decision-making to help towards securing a healthy future for our deep-ocean ecosystems and their long-term natural capital.

Review of Deep-Ocean High-Pressure Simulation Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-84
Author(s):  
Wentao Song ◽  
Weicheng Cui
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Cold Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Stress Coefficient ◽  
History Of ◽  
Simulation Systems

AbstractDeep-sea technology and equipment are required to explore the oceans and utilize ocean resources in the 21st century. Deep-ocean simulation systems (DOSs) play an essential role in the development of deep-sea equipment. This paper gives a detailed overview of deep-ocean high-pressure simulation systems (DOHPSs) worldwide. First, the history of DOS is introduced, and then the primary available equipment, particularly coming out of China, is described. Next, the new concept of the cold isostatic pressing (CIP) chamber and its technology and equipment are reviewed. Then, the basic mathematical theory for the design of pressure chambers is introduced to illustrate the limitations of the traditional monobloc chamber. To easily understand the pre-stressed wire-wound (PSWW) design, the pre-stress coefficient is introduced in theoretical analysis. Some valuable researches of PSWW are presented. Finally, the sealing design of DOS, especially tooth-locked quick-actuating closures (TLQAC), is discussed. The paper aims to inspire readers to develop innovative ideas about the future design of DOS.

Depth Profiling Investigation of Seawater Using Combined Multi-Optical Spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wangquan Ye ◽  
Jinjia Guo ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Fujun Qi ◽  
Kai Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Depth Profiling ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Depth Resolution ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Sea Trial ◽  
Depth Profiles ◽  
Diving Depth ◽  
Optical Spectrometry

Depth profiling investigation plays an important role in studying the dynamic processes of the ocean. In this paper, a newly developed hyphenated underwater system based on multi-optical spectrometry is introduced and used to measure seawater spectra at different depths with the aid of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The hyphenated system consists of two independent compact deep-sea spectral instruments, a deep ocean compact autonomous Raman spectrometer and a compact underwater laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system for sea applications (LIBSea). The former was used to take both Raman scattering and fluorescence of seawater, and the LIBS signal could be recorded with the LIBSea. The first sea trial of the developed system was taken place in the Bismarck Sea, Papua New Guinea, in June 2015. Over 4000 multi-optical spectra had been captured up to the diving depth about 1800 m at maximum. The depth profiles of some ocean parameters were extracted from the captured joint Raman–fluorescence and LIBS spectra with a depth resolution of 1 m. The concentrations of [Formula: see text] and the water temperatures were measured using Raman spectra. The fluorescence intensities from both colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and chlorophyll were found to be varied in the euphotic zone. With LIBS spectra, the depth profiles of metallic elements were also obtained. The normalized intensity of atomic line Ca(I) extracted from LIBS spectra raised around the depth of 1600 m, similar to the depth profile of CDOM. This phenomenon might be caused by the nonbuoyant hydrothermal plumes. It is worth mentioning that this is the first time Raman and LIBS spectroscopy have been applied simultaneously to the deep-sea in situ investigations.

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