Variation in States’ Implementation of CAPTA’s Substance-Exposed Infants Mandates: A Policy Diffusion Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret H. Lloyd Sieger ◽  
Rebecca Rebbe
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Early Adopter ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Early Adopters ◽  
Prenatal Substance Exposure ◽  
Substance Exposure ◽  
Diffusion Analysis ◽  
The Status ◽  
State Child ◽  
Substance Exposed

In 2016, federal law changed state child welfare mandates related to prenatally substance-exposed infants. Little is known regarding the status or implications of policy implementation. The current study examined thematic clusters among states’ policies responsive to this 2016 mandate. Cluster analysis identified four distinct categories of states’ implementation: (1) “innovators/early adopters,” (2) “early majority,” (3) “late majority,” and (4) “laggards.” Innovator/early adopter states ( n = 14) were most likely to have implemented plan of safe care policies consistent with Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA). Early majority states ( n = 15) have started developing some aspects of CAPTA 2016 but have some aspects that are still in development. Late majority states ( n = 17) have adopted few aspects of CAPTA 2016 but had implemented more CAPTA 2003 and 2010 aspects than states in the laggard cluster. Laggard states ( n = 6) have implemented the fewest CAPTA prenatal substance exposure domains. In bivariate analyses, the only variable associated with clusters was Census region (e.g., New England), suggesting that states’ implementation decisions may be influenced by their regional neighbors.

Incidence of Injury, Maltreatment, and Developmental Disorders Among Substance Exposed Infants

2020 ◽  
pp. 107755952093081
Author(s):  
Anna E. Austin ◽  
Molly Curtin Berkoff ◽  
Meghan E. Shanahan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Prenatal Substance Exposure ◽  
Substance Exposure ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Substance Exposed

Recent changes to federal legislation created a requirement for states to address the needs of infants with prenatal substance exposure. Understanding clinical outcomes among substance exposed infants prior to these changes is important for establishing a baseline of risk and informing systems-level responses. Using North Carolina, Georgia, and Texas Medicaid data, we examined the incidence of inpatient and outpatient diagnoses for injury, maltreatment, and developmental disorders prior to age 12 months and compared types of diagnoses among substance exposed and unexposed infants. The cumulative incidence of maltreatment (1.2% vs. 0.2%) and developmental disorder (10.7% vs. 1.5%) diagnoses prior to age 12 months was significantly higher among substance exposed compared to unexposed infants. The incidence of injury diagnoses was similar (3.7% vs. 3.4%). We observed differences in types of maltreatment and injury diagnoses. For example, diagnoses for neglect were more common among substance exposed infants while diagnoses for physical abuse were more common among unexposed infants. Results provide insight for informing monitoring and intervention by medical and public health professionals.

scholarly journals The combined effects of prenatal drug exposure and early adversity on neurobehavioral disinhibition in childhood and adolescence

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 777-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip A. Fisher ◽  
Barry M. Lester ◽  
David S. DeGarmo ◽  
Linda L. Lagasse ◽  
Hai Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Early Adversity ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Prenatal Substance Exposure ◽  
Substance Exposure ◽  
Behavioral Dysregulation ◽  
Prenatal Drug Use ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

AbstractThe negative effects of prenatal substance exposure on neurobiological and psychological development and of early adversity are clear, but little is known about their combined effects. In this study, multilevel analyses of the effects of prenatal substance exposure and early adversity on the emergence of neurobehavioral disinhibition in adolescence were conducted. Neurobehavioral disinhibition has previously been observed to occur frequently in multiproblem youth from high-risk backgrounds. In the present study, neurobehavioral disinhibition was assessed via behavioral dysregulation and poor executive function composite measures. Data were drawn from a prospective longitudinal investigation of prenatal substance exposure that included 1,073 participants followed from birth through adolescence. The results from latent growth modeling analyses showed mean stability but significant individual differences in behavioral dysregulation and mean decline with individual differences in executive function difficulties. Prior behavioral dysregulation predicted increased executive function difficulties. Prenatal drug use predicted the emergence and growth in neurobehavioral disinhibition across adolescence (directly for behavioral dysregulation and indirectly for executive function difficulties via early adversity and behavioral dysregulation). Prenatal drug use and early adversity exhibited unique effects on growth in behavioral dysregulation; early adversity uniquely predicted executive function difficulties. These results are discussed in terms of implications for theory development, social policy, and prevention science.

scholarly journals ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EXPERIENCE OF THE REGIONS OF RUSSIA IN CREATING MUNICIPAL DISTRICTS IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE ALTAI REGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
V.V. Mischenko ◽  
V.G. Lyakisheva ◽  
V.V. Yudina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Municipal Administration ◽  
Altai Region ◽  
Tier System ◽  
The Status ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The topic of improving the system of state and municipal administration is always relevant. In 2020, the importance of reforming local self-government was emphasized during the discussion of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Among the numerous changes regularly introduced to the basic federal law governing the organization of local self-government in Russia are the radical amendments of May 2014 and 2019 in terms of its territorial foundations. A number of regions have quite successfully switched to a single-tier system of local self-government, having completely eliminated the settlement level, or to a mixed one, when municipal districts with their rural settlements remain within the boundaries of the region, and as a result of the transformations of a number of districts and settlements, new municipal districts are created, or this occurs when urban districts are given the status of municipal ones. The authors made an attempt to systematize the experience of the regions that have already created municipal districts, and to project it onto the territory of the Altai Territory. In the course of the study, a number of legal, organizational, socio-economic aspects of the reform were analyzed, recommendations were developed to adapt both the authorities and the population to the upcoming transformations.

person’s use of the Bible as the most important religious authority was implicitly to devalue the elaborate edifices protecting scriptural interpretation that prevailed in all the historic European churches, Protestant as well as Catholic. The institutions compromised by such logic included established churches defined as authoritative communicators of divine grace through word and sacrament, institutions of higher learning monopolized by the establishment in order to protect intellectual activity from religious as well as rational error, and the monarchy as the primary fount of godly social stabil-ity. British Protestant Dissent moved somewhat more cautiously in this direction. But even after the rise of Methodism and the reinvigoration of the older Dissenting traditions, the strength of evangelicalism among British establishmentarians never permitted the kind of thoroughly voluntaristic ecclesiology that prevailed in the United States. On questions of establishment, post-Revolutionary American evangeli-calism marked a distinct development from the colonial period when the most important evangelical leaders had spoken with opposing voices. Some, like Charles Wesley, whose hymns were being used in America from the 1740s, remained fervent defenders of the status quo. Some, like George Whitefield, gave up establishment in practice but without ever addressing the social implications of such a move and without being troubled by occa-sional relapses into establishmentarian behaviour. Some, like the Baptists in America from the 1750s, renounced establishment with a vengeance and became ardent proponents of disestablishment across the board. Some, like the American Presbyterian Gilbert Tennent, eagerly threw establishment away in the enthusiasm of revival, only later to attempt a partial recovery after enthusiasm cooled. Some, like John Wesley, gave up establishment instincts reluctantly, even while promoting religious practices that others regarded as intensely hostile to establishment. Some, like Francis Asbury, the leader of American Methodists, gave it up without apparent trauma. Many, like Jonathan Edwards and the leading evangelical laymen of the Revolutionary era – John Witherspoon, Patrick Henry and John Jay – never gave up the principle of establishment, even though they came to feel more spiritual kinship with evangelicals who attacked established churches (including their own) than they did with many of their fellow establishmen-tarian Protestant colleagues who did not embrace evangelicalism. By the late 1780s, except in New England, this mixed attitude towards formal church and state ties had been transformed into a nearly unanimous embrace of disestablishment. Even in Connecticut and Massachusetts, where evangelical support of the Congregational establishments could still be found, the tide was running strongly away from mere toleration towards full religious liberty. Methodism was an especially interesting variety of evangelicalism since its connectional system retained characteristics of an establishment (especially the human authority of Wesley, or the bishops who succeeded Wesley). But

2003 ◽  
pp. 160-161
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Church And State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
Scriptural Interpretation ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Learning ◽  
The Status ◽  
George Whitefield

scholarly journals Completed secondary education among youth with prenatal substance exposure: A longitudinal register-based matched cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Niina-Maria Nissinen ◽  
Mika Gissler ◽  
Taisto Sarkola ◽  
Hanna Kahila ◽  
Ilona Autti-Rämö ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Matched Cohort ◽  
Prenatal Substance Exposure ◽  
Matched Cohort Study ◽  
Substance Exposure

scholarly journals Prenatal Substance Exposure: Neurobiologic Organization at 1 Month

2013 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 989-994.e1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Conradt ◽  
Stephen J. Sheinkopf ◽  
Barry M. Lester ◽  
Ed Tronick ◽  
Linda L. LaGasse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Substance Exposure ◽  
Substance Exposure

Recommendations for information security awareness training for college students

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyong B. Kim
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Information Security ◽  
New England ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Security Awareness ◽  
Awareness Training ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Information Security Awareness ◽  
The Status ◽  
Security Awareness Training

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to survey the status of information security awareness among college students in order to develop effective information security awareness training (ISAT). Design/methodology/approach – Based on a review of the literature and theoretical standpoints as well as the National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-50 report, the author developed a questionnaire to investigate the attitudes toward information security awareness of undergraduate and graduate students in a business college at a mid-sized university in New England. Based on that survey and the previous literature, suggestions for more effective ISAT are provided. Findings – College students understand the importance and the need for ISAT but many of them do not participate in it. However, security topics that are not commonly covered by any installed (or built-in) programs or web sites have a significant relationship with information security awareness. It seems that students learned security concepts piecemeal from variety of sources. Practical implications – Universities can assess their ISAT for students based on the findings of this study. Originality/value – If any universities want to improve their current ISAT, or establish it, the findings of this study offer some guidelines.

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