Black and White Models and Their Activities in Modern Cigarette and Alcohol Ads

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard N. Reid ◽  
Karen Whitehill King ◽  
Peggy J. Kreshel
Keyword(s):  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Alcohol Advertising ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Dominant Theme ◽  
Blacks And Whites

This article compares model characterizations and activity portrayals of blacks and whites in modern cigarette and alcohol advertising. An analysis of 418 cigarette and alcohol ads appearing in eleven magazines from June 1990 through June 1991 revealed a world in which blacks and whites smoke and drink separately, seldom encountering one another. Despite this segregation, black and white portrayals are similar in terms of sexual suggestiveness and involvement in erotic or romantic activities. However, noteworthy differences also exist. For example, blacks are more often portrayed in leisure activities while whites are portrayed at work. Femininity is a more dominant theme in black than in white representations, while masculinity themes are more dominant in ads with white representations.

Factorial Validity and Invariance of an Adolescent Depression Symptom Screening Tool

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley S. Long ◽  
JD DeFresse ◽  
Allison K. Bickett ◽  
David E. Price
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Depression Symptom ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Affective Factors ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Symptom Screening ◽  
Blacks And Whites

Context: Depression is among the most common mental health disorder in youth, results in significant impairment, and is associated with a higher risk of suicide. Screening is essential but assessment tools may not be appropriate across races or do not account for the complex interrelatedness of various demographics including gender, socio-economic status and race. Objectives: (1) To determine the factor structure of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Adolescent (PHQ-A) for measuring depression in a group of adolescent athletes; and (2) to determine measurement invariance between Blacks and Whites on the PHQ-A. Design: Retrospective cohort design. Setting: Data obtained from a secure database collected at a free, comprehensive, mass pre-participation physical exam (PPE) event hosted by a large health care system. Participants: Participants included 683 high school athletes (Black n=416; White n=267). Independent variables included somatic and affective factors contributing to the construct of depression measured by the PHQ-A and participant race (Black and White). Main Outcome Measures : (1) Factors upon which the construct of depression is measured and (2) measurement invariance between Blacks and Whites. Results: A two-factor model, including affective and somatic components, was specified and exhibited an adequate fit to the data (CFI> .90). All items exhibited moderate to high squared multiple correlation values (R2 = .10–.65), suggesting that these items resonated relatively well with participants. The two-factor model demonstrated noninvariance Black and White participants (RMSEA = .06-.08). Conclusions: Overall, the structure of the PHQ-A is supported by a two-factor model in adolescent athletes, measuring both affective and somatic symptoms of depression. A two factor PHQ-A structure is not fully invariant for the adolescents sampled across participant groups, implying that the model functions differently between Blacks and Whites sampled.

Differential Responses of Resistance Arterioles to Elevated Intraluminal Pressure in Blacks and Whites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Sabbahi ◽  
Assem Ellythy ◽  
Chueh-Lung Hwang ◽  
Shane A. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Microvascular Dysfunction ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Intraluminal Pressure ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Average Blood Pressure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Blacks And Whites

Black Americans have an earlier onset, higher average blood pressure, and higher rates of hypertension-related mortality and morbidity, compared to whites. The racial difference may be related to microvasculature, the major regulatory site of blood pressure. The goal of this study was to compare the response of resistance vessels to high intraluminal pressure between black and white participants. A total of 38 vessels were obtained from human fat samples (21 black, 17 white; mean age 32 ± 12 years and BMI 26.9 ± 4.9; between-group P ≥ 0.05) and included in this study. Internal diameter was measured in response to flow induced by various pressure gradients (Δ10, Δ20, Δ40, Δ60, and Δ100 cmH2O), and flow-induced dilation (FID) was calculated before and after high intraluminal pressure (150 cm H2O). Prior to high intraluminal pressure, FID was not different between blacks and whites (P = 0.112). After exposure to high intraluminal pressure, FID was reduced at every pressure gradient in vessels from blacks (P < 0.001), while FID did not change in white participants except at Δ 100 cmH2O. When incubated with the H2O2 scavenger PEG-catalase, the FID response in vessels from black, but not white, individuals was significantly reduced and the magnitude was higher at normal pressure relative to high pressure. Our findings suggest that vessels from self-identified black individuals are more susceptible to microvascular dysfunction following transient periods of high intraluminal pressure compared to whites and show greater dependence on H2O2 as a main contributor to FID at normal pressures.

Race, Violence, and the City: Chicago’s Black Urbanity in Contemporary American Film and Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 291-302
Author(s):  
Izabella Kimak ◽  
Zbigniew Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Racial Violence ◽  
First Century ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Native Son ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Strong Resemblance ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
American Cities ◽  
The City ◽  
Film And Literature

In this article we look at three recent films–Native Son (2019, dir. Rashid Johnson, based on Richard Wright’s 1940 novel), Widows (2018, dir. Steve McQueen, based on a 1983 TV series), and The Hate U Give (2018, dir. George Tillman Jr., based on a book by Angie Thomas)–by Black directors that showcase the interactions between Blacks and whites in an American urban milieu. We argue that the setting of two of these films–Native Son and Widows–in Chicago, with The Hate U Give being set in a fictional urban setting bearing a strong resemblance to the Windy City, serves to articulate the continuing racial divisions of American cities in the twenty-first century. The three films show that the fossilization of the divide between Black and white districts inevitably leads to outbreaks of racial violence.

Spirituality among African Americans

2021 ◽  
pp. 154-176
Author(s):  
Jason E. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
National Survey ◽  
African American Community ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Spiritual But Not Religious ◽  
Blacks And Whites

This chapter assesses the importance of spirituality among African Americans. More specifically, it examines the extent to which respondents in a large, multiyear national survey view themselves as a “spiritual person.” Four sets of comparative analysis are offered: (1) racial differences among black and white members of various evangelical Protestant traditions, (2) racial differences among black and white members of various mainline Protestant and Catholic traditions, (3) denominational differences specifically among African Americans, and (4) racial differences among blacks and whites who view themselves as “spiritual but not religious.” The findings reveal significant interracial and intraracial differences in how spirituality shapes one’s personal identity. Because organized religion has historically been so central to African American community life, the implications for the growth in noninstitutional spirituality are considered.

Self-Reported Physical Activity and Treadmill Test Performance in Healthy Older Blacks and Whites

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Singleton ◽  
James T. Fitzgerald ◽  
Anne Victoria Neale
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Treadmill Test ◽  
Exercise Habits ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Fitness And Health ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
White Adults

This study was conducted to determine the exercise habits and fitness status of healthy older black and white adults, ages 50 to 80 years. The 384 subjects were enrolled in a health promotion project conducted by a midwestern medical school. Self-reported exercise levels were higher for men than for women and were higher for whites compared with blacks. Age had the greatest impact on treadmill performance for both sexes. Activity levels declined with age for men but not for women. Self-reported exercise levels were highly predictive of fitness status for men but not for women. The relationship in older adults between activity levels and both measured fitness and health status needs further investigation.

scholarly journals The Role of Care Management as a Population Health Intervention to Address Disparities and Control Hypertension: A Quasi-Experimental Observational Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanvir Hussain ◽  
Whitney Franz ◽  
Emily Brown ◽  
Athena Kan ◽  
Mekam Okoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Care Management ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
Program Completion ◽  
Healthy Behaviors ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Blacks And Whites

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We studied whether care management is a pragmatic solution for improving population blood pressure (BP) control and addressing BP disparities between Blacks and Whites in routine clinical environments. </p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Quasi-experimental, observational study. </p><p><strong>Setting and Participants: </strong>3,964 uncontrolled hypertensive patients receiving primary care within the last year from one of six Baltimore clinics were identified as eligible. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>Three in-person sessions over three months with registered dietitians and pharmacists who addressed medication titration, patient adherence to healthy behaviors and medication, and disparities related barriers. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Main Measures: </strong>We assessed the population impact of care management using the RE-AIM framework. To evaluate effectiveness in improving BP, we used unadjusted, adjusted, and propensity-score matched differences-in-differences models to compare those who completed all sessions with partial completers and non-participants. </p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of all eligible patients, 5% participated in care management. Of 629 patients who entered care management, 245 (39%) completed all three sessions. Those completing all sessions on average reached BP control (mean BP 137/78) and experienced 9 mm Hg systolic blood pressure (P&lt;.001) and 4 mm Hg DBP (P=.004) greater improvement than non-participants; findings did not vary in adjusted or propensity-score matched models. Disparities in systolic and diastolic BP between Blacks and Whites were not detectable at completion. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It may be possible to achieve BP control among both Black and White patients who participate in a few sessions of care management. However, the very limited reach and patient challenges with program completion should raise significant caution with relying on care management alone to improve population BP control and eliminate related disparities. <em>Ethn Dis. </em>2016;26(3):285-294; doi:10.18865/ed.26.3.285 </p>

Physical Activity, Motor Development and Self-Concept: Race and Age Differences

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Martinek ◽  
John T. F. Cheffers ◽  
Leonard D. Zaichkowsky
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Skill Improvement

To investigate the effect of organized physical activity on the development of specific motor skills (body coordination and self-concept) of elementary age children, 344 children from the ethnic origins, black and white, were administered the Schilling Body Coordination Test and the Mattinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale for Children. Motor development (body coordination) and self-concept scores were significantly higher for the group who participated in the physical activity program than for controls who did not. There was a linear trend in motor skill improvement, with Grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 showing significantly higher gains than Grade 1. The self-concept scores indicated a significant decline for Grades 3, 4, and 5. There were no significant differences between blacks and whites. A two-way interaction was found between grade and race in motor development, with blacks demonstrating lower mean scores than whites in Grade 2 but higher mean scores in Grade 5. Correlations between self-concept and motor development were non-significant.

REPARATIONS: Justice and Greed in Black and White

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Dawson ◽  
Rovana Popoff
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
World War ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Irreparable Harm ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Racial Divide

Proponents and opponents of reparations for Blacks vociferously disagree. Conservative opponents argue that reparations for Black slavery are a disastrous idea and that proponents are motivated by either greed or the desire to do harm to the republic. Liberal and left opponents of reparations argue that the advocacy on this issue will lead to great racial divisions and do potentially irreparable harm to progressive movements. Supporters of reparations argue that it is a case of simple justice. That during the colonial, slavery, and Jim Crow eras Blacks were systematically oppressed and exploited with the active support of the state. They also argue that both domestic and international precedents strengthen the case for Black reparations. This paper shows that there is a tremendous divide between Blacks and Whites on questions of both an apology to Blacks as well as monetary reparations. The racial divide extends to support for the reparations to Japanese-Americans who were victims of official incarceration during World War II. Finally, multivariate analyses demonstrates that for both Blacks and Whites, racialized views of politics are best predictors of support for or opposition to reparations.

Accounting for Statistical Artifacts in Item Bias Research

1984 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorrie Shepard ◽  
Gregory Camilli ◽  
David M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Achievement ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Data Files ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Ethnic Comparisons ◽  
Math Test ◽  
High Consistency ◽  
Math Problems

Theoretically preferred IRT bias detection procedures were applied to both a mathematics achievement and vocabulary test. The data were from black and white seniors on the High School and Beyond data files. To account for statistical artifacts, each analysis was repeated on randomly equivalent samples of blacks and whites ( n’s = 1,500). Furthermore, to establish a baseline for judging bias indices that might be attributable only to sampling fluctuations, bias analyses were conducted comparing randomly selected groups of whites. To assess the effect of mean group differences on the appearance of bias, pseudo-ethnic groups were created, that is, samples of whites were selected to simulate the average black-white difference. The validity and sensitivity of the IRT bias indices was supported by several findings. A relatively large number of items (10 of 29) on the math test were found to be consistently biased; they were replicated in parallel analyses. The bias indices were substantially smaller in white-white analyses. Furthermore, the indices (with the possible exception of χ2) did not find bias in the pseudo-ethnic comparison. The pattern of between-study correlations showed high consistency for parallel ethnic analyses where bias was plausibly present. Also, the indices met the discriminant validity test—the correlations were low between conditions where bias should not be present. For the math test, where a substantial number of items appeared biased, the results were interpretable. Verbal math problems were systematically more difficult for blacks. Overall, the sums-of-squares statistics (weighted by the inverse of the variance errors) were judged to be the best indices for quantifying ICC differences between groups. Not only were these statistics the most consistent in detecting bias in the ethnic comparisons, but they also intercorrelated the least in situations of no bias.

scholarly journals Residential Segregation and Hypertension Prevalence in Black and White Older Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therri Usher ◽  
Darrell J. Gaskin ◽  
Kelly Bower ◽  
Charles Rohde ◽  
Roland J. Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Poor Whites ◽  
Neighborhood Poverty ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Neighborhoods ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Blacks And Whites

Purpose: The purpose of this article was to assess segregation’s role on race differences in hypertension among non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites aged 50 and over. Method: Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg, or self-reported antihypertensive medication use. Segregation measures combined race, neighborhood racial composition, and individual and neighborhood poverty level. Logistic models produced odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each segregation category, adjusting for health-related factors. Results: Blacks in Black (OR = 2.54, CI = [1.61, 4.00]), White (OR = 2.56, CI = [1.24, 5.31]), and integrated neighborhoods (OR = 3.23, CI = [1.72, 6.03]) had greater odds of hypertension compared with Whites in White neighborhoods. Poor Whites in poor neighborhoods (OR = 1.74, CI = [1.09, 2.76]), nonpoor Blacks in nonpoor (OR = 3.03, CI = [1.79, 5.12]) and poor neighborhoods (OR = 4.08, CI = [2.16, 7.70]), and poor Blacks in nonpoor (OR = 4.35, CI = [2.17, 8.73]) and poor neighborhoods (OR = 2.75, CI = [1.74, 4.36]) had greater odds compared with nonpoor Whites in nonpoor neighborhoods. Conclusion: Interventions targeting hypertension among older adults should consider neighborhood compositions.

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