scholarly journals No-Majority Communities: Racial Diversity and Change at the Local Level

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 866-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad R. Farrell ◽  
Barrett A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Population ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Large White ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Over Time

The United States is experiencing a profound increase in racial and ethnic diversity, although its communities are experiencing the trend differently depending on their size and location. Using census data from 1980 to 2010, we focus on a subset of highly diverse local jurisdictions in which no ethnoracial group makes up more than half of the population. We track the prevalence, emergence, and characteristics of these no-majority places, finding that they are rapidly increasing in number and are home to substantial and growing shares of the Black, Latino, and Asian populations. Transitions in no-majority places varied considerably over time. Older cohorts of places that became no-majority decades ago moved toward Latino or Black majorities, whereas those in recent cohorts tended to persist as no-majority places. Most of these communities continued to diversify in the decades after first becoming no-majority and remain quite diverse today. However, the shift toward no-majority status was often accompanied by large White population declines.

Organizing Diversity: Scales of Demographic Change and Neighborhood Organizing in St Paul, MN

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1091-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah G Martin ◽  
Steven R Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Urban Populations ◽  
District Council ◽  
Ethnic And Racial Diversity

Neighborhood involvement in urban governance remains a pressing goal in an era of globalization. Cities have instituted a variety of structures to facilitate this involvement, including quasi-formal neighborhood or district councils. At the same time, urban populations are changing rapidly because of multiple dynamics operating at multiple scales. Immigration, for example, continues to transform inner-city neighborhoods despite the emergence of suburban immigrant enclaves. Existing research inadequately addresses the interaction between efforts to organize neighborhood political involvement and the dynamic nature of urban populations. We examine St Paul, Minnesota—a locale with a well-established neighborhood district-council system and a vibrant and rapidly growing immigrant community. Indeed, immigrants from Southeast Asia and East Africa are moving into neighborhoods that up until the early 1990s were predominantly white. Using a multimethod empirical analysis, we argue that the district-council system, while recognizing and empowering local-level organization, fails to provide adequate resources for neighborhoods to address social dynamics that operate at much broader scales. An index of ethnic and racial diversity computed with census data shows that St Paul experienced a significant overall increase in diversity during the 1990s. Although inner-city neighborhoods remained the most diverse, residential areas developed after World War 2 also diversified considerably. Interviews with neighborhood organizers based in part on tabular and cartographic displays revealed a wide variety of strategies and responses to changing ethnic and racial diversity. Predominant, however, was a mismatch between the scale at which demographic change occurs, and the scale of ‘neighborhood’ action embedded within the district-council system.

scholarly journals Immigration and Child Mortality: Lessons from the United States at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dribe ◽  
J. David Hacker ◽  
Francesco Scalone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
White Population ◽  
Socioeconomic Integration ◽  
Integration Of Immigrants ◽  
Long Time

ABSTRACTThe societal integration of immigrants is a great concern in many of today’s Western societies, and has been so for a long time. Whether we look at Europe in 2015 or the United States at the turn of the twentieth century, large flows of immigrants pose challenges to receiving societies. While much research has focused on the socioeconomic integration of immigrants there has been less interest in their demographic integration, even though this can tell us as much about the way immigrants fare in their new home country. In this article we study the disparities in infant and child mortality across nativity groups and generations, using new, high-density census data. In addition to describing differentials and trends in child mortality among 14 immigrant groups relative to the native-born white population of native parentage, we focus special attention on the association between child mortality, immigrant assimilation, and the community-level context of where immigrants lived. Our findings indicate substantial nativity differences in child mortality, but also that factors related to the societal integration of immigrants explains a substantial part of these differentials. Our results also point to the importance of spatial patterns and contextual variables in understanding nativity differentials in child mortality.

scholarly journals Trends in incidence and epidemiologic characteristics of cerebral venous thrombosis in the United States

Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (16) ◽  
pp. e2200-e2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadar Oliver Otite ◽  
Smit Patel ◽  
Richa Sharma ◽  
Pushti Khandwala ◽  
Devashish Desai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Age And Sex

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that race-, age-, and sex-specific incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) has increased in the United States over the last decade.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, validated ICD codes were used to identify all new cases of CVT (n = 5,567) in the State Inpatients Databases (SIDs) of New York and Florida (2006–2016). A new CVT case was defined as first hospitalization for CVT in the SID without prior CVT hospitalization. CVT counts were combined with annual Census data to compute incidence. Joinpoint regression was used to evaluate trends in incidence over time.ResultsFrom 2006 to 2016, annual age- and sex-standardized incidence of CVT in cases per 1 million population ranged from 13.9 to 20.2, but incidence varied significantly by sex (women 20.3–26.9, men 6.8–16.8) and by age/sex (women 18–44 years of age 24.0–32.6, men 18–44 years of age 5.3–12.8). Incidence also differed by race (Blacks: 18.6–27.2; Whites: 14.3–18.5; Asians: 5.1–13.8). On joinpoint regression, incidence increased across 2006 to 2016, but most of this increase was driven by an increase in all age groups of men (combined annualized percentage change [APC] 9.2%, p < 0.001), women 45 to 64 years of age (APC 7.8%, p < 0.001), and women ≥65 years of age (APC 7.4%, p < 0.001). Incidence in women 18 to 44 years of age remained unchanged over time.ConclusionCVT incidence is disproportionately higher in Blacks compared to other races. New CVT hospitalizations increased significantly over the last decade mainly in men and older women. Further studies are needed to determine whether this increase represents a true increase from changing risk factors or an artifactual increase from improved detection.

The Effect of Immigration from Mexico on Social Capital in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris Levy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Has mass migration from Mexico since the 1980s contributed to a well-documented decline in US social capital? Theories linking ethnic diversity to lower social cohesion and participation (e.g., Putnam 2007, 30, 137) would strongly predict this effect. Yet the impact of immigration in particular, rather than ethno-racial diversity generally, on US social capital has not been examined. Assessing the impact of immigration is important because some have speculated that associations between measures of diversity and social capital found in the United States are a byproduct of the country's distinctively fraught history of black–white relations. This scope condition would greatly limit the applicability of Putnam's thesis. To assess the impact of Mexican immigration, this study leverages a dynamic measure of social capital and an instrumental variables design. The results address an important recent methodological critique of the broader literature and strongly corroborate the hypothesis that immigration erodes social capital.

scholarly journals The Socioeconomic Context of Racial Diversity and Integration in U.S. suburbs, 1990-2010

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Rastogi ◽  
Kiara Wyndham Douds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Potential Outcomes ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Critical Research ◽  
Insight Into

The majority of Blacks, Latinxs, Asians, and whites now live in suburbs in the United States. Concurrently, the majority of the nation’s poor also live in suburbs. These trends suggest that the diversification of suburbs has immense consequences for the geography of racial (in)equality. Using Census data, we ask whether racial residential diversification and integration disproportionately occur in advantaged or disadvantaged suburban contexts. We conceptualize diversity as the racial and ethnic composition of a place; a suburb is highly diverse if it contains multiple racialized groups represented in equal proportions. We conceptualize integration as the spatial arrangements of racialized groups—a place is integrated when different racialized groups live near each other. We find that suburbs with higher levels of racial diversity are more disadvantaged than more racially homogeneous places. At the same time, integrated suburbs are substantially more advantaged than the average suburb independent of levels of diversity. This work contributes to a nascent critical research agenda on racial processes in U.S. suburbs by providing insight into the socioeconomic conditions and potential outcomes of racial diversification and integration.

scholarly journals Income Inequality and Segregation in the Paris Metro Area (1990–2015)

2021 ◽  
pp. 329-345
Author(s):  
Haley McAvay ◽  
Gregory Verdugo
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Immigrant Population ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Metro Area ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIn the last decades, the Paris metro area has experienced important structural changes linked to rising income inequality and a rapidly growing immigrant population. Using census data from 1990, 1999 to 2015, this chapter explores these transformations and how they have shaped trends in residential segregation. We find that the occupational structure of the area shifted upwards in the recent decade with a substantial increase in the share of the top occupational groups. This trend, however, did not primarily concern the immigrant population, which nonetheless experienced a growth in the middle class. These trends were further accompanied by an increase in income inequality driven by rising wages among the top 1% earners. Despite these changes, dissimilarity indexes between socioeconomic groups and between natives and immigrants have remained quite stable over the period. However, interaction indexes suggest that neighbourhoods are becoming more homogenous over time, both in terms of socioeconomic and ethnic diversity. Finally, the findings shed light on the correlation between socioeconomic and immigrant segregation. Socioeconomic disadvantage and the presence of immigrants within neighbourhoods, especially of non-European origin, are tightly correlated, and that correlation became stronger over time.

America’s New Racial/Ethnic Diversity

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lee ◽  
Frank D. Bean
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Minority Group ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The United States is more racially/ethnically diverse than at any point in the country’s history as a result of immigration, intermarriage, and multiracial identification. The Latino and Asian populations have more than tripled in size since 1970; Latinos are now the largest racial/ethnic minority group, and Asians, the fastest growing group in the country. Also contributing to America’s new diversity is increasing intermarriage and a growing multiracial population. Intermarriage soared more than twenty-fold between 1960 and 2000, and the multiracial population is poised to account for one in five Americans by 2050, and one in three by 2100. However, this new diversity is not evenly apparent across the country. Some states—like California—reflect the new diversity, which is also evident at the metropolitan level. In other states, the new diversity is nearly invisible. The pattern of high and low diversity in the United States reflects the country’s vast heterogeneity.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Racial Resentment across the 50 US States

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candis Watts Smith ◽  
Rebecca J. Kreitzer ◽  
Feiya Suo
Keyword(s):  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Census Data ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Racial Resentment ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Over Time

Although many scholars who study the role of racial animus in Americans’ political attitudes and policy preferences do so to help us understand national-level politics, (racialized) policy is largely shaped at the state level. States are laboratories of policy innovation whose experiments can exacerbate or ameliorate racial inequality. In this article, we develop state-level scores of racial resentment. By using linear multilevel regression and poststratification weighting techniques and by linking nationally representative survey data with US Census data, we create time-varying, dynamic state-level estimates of racial resentment from 1988 to 2016. These measures enable us to explore the extent to which subnational levels of racial attitudes fluctuate over time and to provide a comparative analysis of state-level racial resentment scores across space and time. We find that states’ levels of racial animus change slowly, with some exhibiting increases over time while others do just the opposite. Southern states’ reputation for having the highest levels of racial resentment has been challenged by states across various regions of the United States. Many states had their lowest levels of symbolic racism decades ago, contrary to the traditional American narrative of racial progress.

Revitalized or Disorganized? Unpacking the Immigration-Crime Link in a Multiethnic Setting

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 680-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Sydes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hybrid Modeling ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
States Experience ◽  
Over Time

Objective: To date, much of what we know about the immigration–crime link is based on the United States setting. Yet, contextual features unique to the United States may produce distinct outcomes for immigration and crime that do not hold elsewhere. This study therefore tests the applicability of ecological frameworks largely derived from the United States experience (such as the immigration revitalization thesis) in a country with a greater mixture of ethnic groups and where immigration policy is focused on recruiting skilled immigrants. Methods: Utilizing an innovative hybrid modeling approach, this article draws on three waves of census data and nine years of official recorded crime incident data to examine the effect of immigration on violent crime across 882 neighborhoods located in two Australian cities. Results: The results offer little evidence that neighborhoods with a greater concentration of immigrants have more crime or that increases in the immigrant population over time are associated with increased violence. Diversity however appears to have a more problematic effect on violent crime in both cities. Conclusions: While these findings are relatively consistent with previous research in the United States, whether this similarity is due to a process of revitalization requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Opioid Deaths by Race in the United States, 2000–2015

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Alexander ◽  
Magali Barbieri ◽  
Mathew Vinhhoa Kiang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Population ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
Opioid Deaths ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The opioid-related mortality rate in the United States more than tripled between 2000 and 2015. However, there were stark differences in the trend for the non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white populations. In this paper we assess differences in opioid deaths by race. We analyze patterns and trends in multiple cause-of-death data to gain a better understanding of how deaths differ by race and what has contributed to changes over time. The trend in race-specific opioid death rates over 2000–2015 can be divided into two periods: 2000–2010 and 2010–2015. The increase in 2000–2010 was more substantial for the white population and was driven by prescription painkillers. Since 2010, the rates of opioid-mortality increase for both the white and black populations have been similar and largely due to heroin and fentanyl-type opioids. For the white population, death rates due to heroin and fentanyl-type drugs decrease with age, but for the black population, the opposite is true. In addition, the number of deaths that involve more than one opioid drug has increased over time, with the rate of increase coinciding with the overall rate of increase in opioid deaths.

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