scholarly journals “Late-onset” ADHD symptoms in young adulthood: Is this ADHD?

2022 ◽  
pp. 108705472110664
Author(s):  
Lucy Riglin ◽  
Robyn E. Wootton ◽  
Lucy A. Livingston ◽  
Jessica Agnew-Blais ◽  
Louise Arseneault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Depression Risk ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Cognitive Task Performance

Objective: We investigated whether “late-onset” ADHD that emerges in adolescence/adulthood is similar in risk factor profile to: (1) child-onset ADHD, but emerges later because of scaffolding/compensation from childhood resources; and (2) depression, because it typically onsets in adolescence/adulthood and shows symptom and genetic overlaps with ADHD. Methods: We examined associations between late-onset ADHD and ADHD risk factors, cognitive tasks, childhood resources and depression risk factors in a population-based cohort followed-up to age 25 years ( N=4224–9764). Results: Parent-rated late-onset ADHD was like child-onset persistent ADHD in associations with ADHD polygenic risk scores and cognitive task performance, although self-rated late-onset ADHD was not. Late-onset ADHD was associated with higher levels of childhood resources than child-onset ADHD and did not show strong evidence of association with depression risk factors. Conclusions: Late-onset ADHD shares characteristics with child-onset ADHD when parent-rated, but differences for self-reports require investigation. Childhood resources may delay the onset of ADHD.

Cognitive Task Performance Time During Tracking

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 576-580
Author(s):  
David M. Ings ◽  
James R. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Tracking Accuracy ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Time System ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Cognitive Task Performance ◽  
Task Types

This study was a test on the feasibility of creating a synthetic time system for cognitive tasks performing during flying. Four types of cognitive tasks were employed (coding, verifying, calculating, and identifying; each at two levels of complexity). Compensatory tracking was performed at two levels of difficulty where RMS statistics were taken within and between the discrete cognitive tasks. The task types and complexity levels were found to significantly affect the performance time (accounting for about 50% of the time variability) and the tracking accuracy. However tracking accuracy was also affected by other factors. Results of this research support the feasibility of a synthetic time system for the class of tasks.

scholarly journals Quantifying streams of thought during cognitive task performance using sequence analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Paul Zanesco
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Task Constraints ◽  
Analytic Methods ◽  
Cognitive Task Performance ◽  
Thought Probes ◽  
Over Time

Streams of thoughts vary in content from one moment to the next, and these temporal patterns have been argued to be critical to understanding the wandering mind. But few analytic methods have been proposed that can account for both the content and temporal ordering of thoughts over time. In the present study, I apply sequence analysis and related methods to quantify the dynamics of thought from time series sequences of categorical experience sampling thought probes delivered across five different cognitive tasks in the same individuals (N = 545). Sequence analysis revealed a modicum of order and consistency in streams of thought within-individuals, but also demonstrated considerable variability within and between task sessions. Hierarchical clustering of sequence dissimilarities further revealed common typologies of mind wandering across individuals. These findings demonstrate the application of sequence analytic methods for quantifying the dynamics of thought over the course of task performance and show that contextual task constraints are associated with how streams of thought unfold over time. More broadly, sequence analysis provides a valuable framework for investigation of time ordered cognitive and behavioral processes across psychological domains.

Cumulative Effects of +Gz on Cognitive Performance

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Morrison ◽  
Estrella Forster ◽  
Edward M. Hitchcock ◽  
Charles A. Barba ◽  
Thomas P. Santarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Monitoring Task ◽  
Cognitive Task Performance ◽  
Stable Performance ◽  
Physiological Stressors ◽  
The Impact

A study is described which examines the interaction of two of the most salient stressors found in the tactical aviation cockpit: 1) highly demanding decision-making tasks, and 2) intermittent periods of high G. Addressing this issue is critical because: 1) it is probable that physiological stressors such as G may have serious ramifications on pilots' abilities to perform complex cognitive tasks; 2) there may be different impacts of G on different types of cognitive tasks, and the impact of these deficits may be correlated with the cumulative amount of time a pilot has spent under G; 3) it is not clear that donning protective gear will have an effect on cognitive task performance; and 4) there are no data to suggest how long cognitive decrements due to exposure to physiological stressors will last. A general approach is described for evaluating the cumulative effects of physiological stressors (e.g., G) on cognitive task performance in a within-subjects experimental design. A PC-based task suite was used incorporating three concurrently performed tasks: a compensatory tracking task, a resource management task, and a system monitoring task. Results indicated that performance across the experimental conditions was highly variable. Preliminary results demonstrated that: 1) even low-level increases in G can be disruptive to subject performance, 2) there are cumulative decrements in task performance during G, and 3) if stable performance on tasks is required, training for complex task performance must take place in the presence of salient physiological stressors.

Teams as technology: strengths, weaknesses, and trade-offs in cognitive task performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (5/6) ◽  
pp. 218-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verlin Hinsz
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Team Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Cognitive Task Performance ◽  
Task Goals

Purpose – This paper aims to assert that teams are a technology used to achieve task goals or social objectives that cannot be accomplished by individuals alone. Much current work in organizations is knowledge based, so it is important to know when to apply teams as a technology and how teams can be effectively utilized for cognitive task performance. This paper describes a number of strengths, weaknesses and trade-offs that accompany teams performing cognitive tasks. Design/methodology/approach – Research comparing team performance to that of similarly treated individuals indicates that teams on average exceed the performance of individuals on cognitive tasks; however, teams rarely match the performance of their best member. Findings – Based on analysis of this research, a set of strengths of teams are highlighted: information pooling, error correction, meta-knowledge, reliability and information sharing. Two weaknesses of team performance on cognitive tasks are also identified: slow to action and coordination losses. As a function of teams having these strengths and weaknesses, trade-offs in their task performance emerge: speed versus accuracy, convergence versus divergence, participation versus deindividuation, losses versus gains in motivation, social facilitation versus inhibition, accumulation versus coordination, focused versus distributed attention and accentuation versus attenuation of biases. Originality/value – These trade-offs demonstrate that teams operate in specific ways that sometimes benefit cognitive processing but will be hindered under other conditions. An understanding of those conditions is important when attempting to effectively use teams. So, “technical” knowledge rather than intuition is required to manage these processes appropriately and effectively.

Emotional Intelligence and Task Performance

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola S. Schutte ◽  
Edward Schuettpelz ◽  
John M. Malouff
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cognitive Task Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
University Settings ◽  
And Task

Theory and some empirical research suggest that there is a relationship between emotions and performance on cognitive tasks. The construct of emotional intelligence may provide a vehicle for exploring the connection between emotions and cognitive task performance. The present study tested the hypotheses that: a) individuals with higher emotional intelligence would perform better on cognitive tasks; and b) they would be better able to deal with the frustration or helplessness that may result from encountering very difficult tasks. Participants recruited from community and university settings participated in a study in which their emotional intelligence was assessed and they worked on three sets of anagrams. The first set of anagrams was moderately difficult, the second set was very difficult, and the third set was again moderately difficult. The first hypothesis was supported in that participants higher in emotional intelligence solved more problems on the first set of moderately difficult anagrams. The second hypothesis was supported in that the participants higher in emotional intelligence solved more problems after encountering a very difficult and frustrating set of problems, even when initial performance was held constant. The results suggest that study of the emotional intelligence construct holds promise for better understanding and perhaps in the future enhancing cognitive task performance.

scholarly journals Stress, cognition and functional connectivity in the healthy human

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Neetu Nair
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Induce Stress ◽  
Cognitive Task Performance ◽  
Stress Susceptibility

Stress is known to negatively impact physiological and psychological processes in humans. While chronic exposure to stress has been implicated in the pathology of numerous physiological and neuropsychological disorders, acute stress exposure has also been shown to impair cognitive task performance. Since the brain is the primary organ involved in detecting and responding to stressors, neuroimaging techniques have been used to explore the structural and functional neural correlates of stress. The studies presented here attempted to examine how acute stress might affect the temporally correlated activation of multiple brain regions, also known as functional connectivity, while performing cognitive tasks. Of additional interest was the role of gender and presence of the short allele polymorphism on the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene, both factors known to influence stress susceptibility, in determining effects of stress on functional connectivity during cognitive task performance. Forty-five participants with no history of neurological or psychiatric disorders were recruited to participate in the study and underwent two sessions of functional magnetic resonance imaging -- one session involved exposure to the Montreal Imaging Stress Test (MIST) to induce stress and the other session had control tasks that did not induce stress. The participants were blinded to the stress induction. Following exposure to the stress or no stress control task, the participants performed verbal fluency tasks, verbal problem-solving tasks and the emotional faces task. A priori regions of interest were defined for each of the tasks and functional connectivity differences between the a priori regions of interest under stress and no stress were examined. Additionally, the influence of gender and genotype were also examined. Results reveal specific gender and genotype-based differences in regional functional connectivity under stress and no stress during the cognitive tasks even in the absence of differences in overall task performance. The results begin to elucidate the specific neural underpinnings of stress susceptibility in healthy individuals. The implications of these results in better understanding the neural correlates of stress related cognitive impairments, and may ultimately be helpful for neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorders and may help us move towards developing targeted neuropharmacological therapeutic interventions are discussed.

You Are Your Words: Linguistic Correlates of Cognitive Task Performance

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Varner ◽  
Scott A. Crossley ◽  
Erica L. Snow ◽  
Danielle S. McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Task Performance

Age-Related Differences in Motivational Integration and Cognitive Control

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debbie Marianne Yee ◽  
Sarah L Adams ◽  
Asad Beck ◽  
Todd Samuel Braver
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cognitive Task Performance

Motivational incentives play an influential role in value-based decision-making and cognitive control. A compelling hypothesis in the literature suggests that the brain integrates the motivational value of diverse incentives (e.g., motivational integration) into a common currency value signal that influences decision-making and behavior. To investigate whether motivational integration processes change during healthy aging, we tested older (N=44) and younger (N=54) adults in an innovative incentive integration task paradigm that establishes dissociable and additive effects of liquid (e.g., juice, neutral, saltwater) and monetary incentives on cognitive task performance. The results reveal that motivational incentives improve cognitive task performance in both older and younger adults, providing novel evidence demonstrating that age-related cognitive control deficits can be ameliorated with sufficient incentive motivation. Additional analyses revealed clear age-related differences in motivational integration. Younger adult task performance was modulated by both monetary and liquid incentives, whereas monetary reward effects were more gradual in older adults and more strongly impacted by trial-by-trial performance feedback. A surprising discovery was that older adults shifted attention from liquid valence toward monetary reward throughout task performance, but younger adults shifted attention from monetary reward toward integrating both monetary reward and liquid valence by the end of the task, suggesting differential strategic utilization of incentives. Together these data suggest that older adults may have impairments in incentive integration, and employ different motivational strategies to improve cognitive task performance. The findings suggest potential candidate neural mechanisms that may serve as the locus of age-related change, providing targets for future cognitive neuroscience investigations.

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