Reducing Prejudice Through Promoting Cross-Group Friendships

Review of General Psychology ◽

10.1177/10892680211061262 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 108926802110612

Author(s):

Melanie Killen ◽

Katherine Luken Raz ◽

Sandra Graham

Keyword(s):

Well Being ◽

Intergroup Bias ◽

Systemic Racism ◽

United Nations General ◽

United Nations General Assembly ◽

Intergroup Biases ◽

Prejudicial Attitudes ◽

Racial Ethnic

Around the globe, individuals are affected by exclusion, discrimination, and prejudice targeting individuals from racial, ethnic, and immigrant backgrounds as well as crimes based on gender, nationality, and culture (United Nations General Assembly, 2016). Unfortunately, children are often the targeted victims (Costello & Dillard, 2019). What is not widely understood is that the intergroup biases underlying systemic racism start long before adulthood with children displaying notable signs of intergroup bias, sometimes before entering grade school. Intergroup bias refers to the tendency to evaluate members of one’s own group more favorably than someone not identified with one’s group and is typically associated with prejudicial attitudes. Children are both the victims and the perpetrators of bias. In this review, we provide evidence of how biases emerge in childhood, along with an analysis of the significant role of intergroup friendships on enhancing children’s well-being and reducing prejudice in childhood. The review focuses predominantly on the context of race, with the inclusion of several other categories, such as nationality and religion. Fostering positive cross-group friendships in childhood helps to address the negative long-term consequences of racism, discrimination, and prejudice that emerges in childhood and continues through to adulthood.

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Considering a Potential Role of Linalool as a Mood Stabilizer for Bipolar Disorder

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200724160742 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (40) ◽

pp. 5128-5133

Author(s):

Kate Levenberg ◽

Wade Edris ◽

Martha Levine ◽

Daniel R. George

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Mood Stabilizer ◽

Well Being ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Treatment Regimens ◽

Bipolar Spectrum Disorders ◽

Short And Long Term

Epidemiologic studies suggest that the lifetime prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders ranges from 2.8 to 6.5 percent of the population. To decrease morbidity and mortality associated with disease progression, pharmacologic intervention is indicated for the majority of these patients. While a number of effective treatment regimens exist, many conventional medications have significant side effect profiles that adversely impact patients’ short and long-term well-being. It is thus important to continue advancing and improving therapeutic options available to patients. This paper reviews the limitations of current treatments and examines the chemical compound Linalool, an alcohol found in many plant species, that may serve as an effective mood stabilizer. While relatively little is known about Linalool and bipolar disorder, the compound has been shown to have antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, anti-depressive, and neurotrophic effects, with mechanisms that are comparable to current bipolar disorder treatment options.

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Delayed Discharges: Does Staff Well-Being Matter?

10.1101/2020.06.10.20127522 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Manhal Ali ◽

Reza Salehnejad

Keyword(s):

Well Being ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Hospital Treatment ◽

Count Data Models ◽

Term Care ◽

Management Quality ◽

Patient Health ◽

Delayed Discharges

AbstractDelayed discharges of patients from hospitals, also known as “bed–blocking” is a long standing policy concern. Such delays can increase hospital treatment costs and may also lead to poorer patient health and experience. Prior research indicates that external factors, such as, greater availability and better affordability of long term care associated with lower delays. Using theories from Economics, this study examines the role of within–hospital factors, namely, staff well–being in alleviating hospital delayed days. We use a new panel database of delays in all English hospital trusts from 2011/12 to 2014/15. Employing longitudinal count data models, the paper finds that staff well–being is associated with lower hospital delayed discharges controlling for long–term factors and management quality. The findings are robust to alternative methods and measures of delayed discharges.

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Recognizing the role of victim supports in building and maintaining healthy and safe communities

Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being ◽

10.35502/jcswb.10 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Sarah Johnston-Way ◽

Sue O’Sullivan

Keyword(s):

Cost Savings ◽

Well Being ◽

Community Safety ◽

Emotional Impact ◽

Research Directions ◽

Safety Strategies ◽

Victims Of Crime ◽

Negative Impacts

The effects of crime can persist for years and can have life-long implications for some victims. The physical and emotional impact, alongside practical problems, point to the need for the rehabilitation of victims and their families in order to avoid or mitigate some of the long-term negative impacts of crime and, in so doing, contribute significantly to community well-being. The meaningful integration of assistance and supports for victims of crime into community safety strategies can contribute not only to increased public safety, but also to a host of other positive outcomes such as considerable cost savings, improvements in public health, and increased confidence in the criminal justice system. Currently, available research and metrics highlighting these linkages remain scarce, pointing to an important opportunity to strengthen the availability of data and research related to the experience of victimization and the impacts and outcomes of interventions with victims of crime. This paper explores the contribution of providing victim supports for building and maintaining healthy and safe communities, and will identify possible research directions to strengthen understanding in this area.

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Psychedelics and potential benefits in “healthy normals”: A review of the literature

Journal of Psychedelic Studies ◽

10.1556/2054.2019.029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 280-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sam Gandy

Keyword(s):

Psychological Functioning ◽

Well Being ◽

Future Research ◽

Life Meaning ◽

Potential Development ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

High Doses ◽

And Behavior

We are in the midst of a psychedelic research renaissance. With research examining the efficacy of psychedelics as a treatment for a range of mental health indications still in its early stages, there is an increasing body of research to show that careful use of psychedelics can yield a variety of beneﬁts in “healthy normals” and so lead to “the betterment of well people.” Psychedelics have been found to modulate neuroplasticity, and usage in a supportive setting can result in enduring increases in traits such as well-being, life satisfaction, life meaning, mindfulness, and a variety of measures associated with prosocial behaviors and healthy psychological functioning. The effect of psychedelic experience on measures of personality trait openness and is potential implications is examined, and the potential role of awe as a mediator of the beneﬁts of the psychedelic experience is discussed. Special attention is given to the capacity of psychedelics to increase measures of nature relatedness in an enduring sense, which is being correlated with a broad range of measures of psychological well-being as well as a key predictor of pro-environmental awareness and behavior. The effects of particular classical psychedelic compounds on healthy people are discussed, with special attention given to the mystical-type experiences occasioned by high doses of psychedelics, which appear to be an important mediator of long-term beneﬁts and psychotherapeutic gains. Research looking at the potential beneﬁts of psychedelic microdosing is discussed. Potential future research avenues are explored, focusing on the potential development of psychedelics as agents of ecotherapy.

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Human Resource Practices, Eudaimonic Well-Being, and Creative Performance: The Mediating Role of Idiosyncratic Deals for Sustainable Human Resource Management

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11246933 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (24) ◽

pp. 6933

Author(s):

Esther Villajos ◽

Núria Tordera ◽

José M. Peiró

Keyword(s):

Human Resource Management ◽

Human Resource ◽

Well Being ◽

Creative Performance ◽

Idiosyncratic Deals ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Hr Practices ◽

The Relationship

Traditional Human Resource Management (HRM) focusing on maintaining the status quo is no longer in the spotlight. Sustainable HRM has become the new approach, emphasizing the need to attend to organizational results directed toward reaching different goals and integrating the needs of diverse stakeholders. Moreover, in response to the challenges that organizations face in volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) environments, Human Resource (HR) practices can contribute to the development of idiosyncratic deals (negotiation of individual HR practices) that might facilitate employees’ creativity and eudaimonic well-being in the long term and, thus, the sustainability of these organizations. Thus, the aim of this study is to test the mediating role of idiosyncratic deals (i-deals) in the unfolding relationship between HR practices, eudaimonic well-being and creative performance. Using a longitudinal database (three waves), the hypotheses are tested using structural equations modeling. The results support the idea that HR practices function as an antecedent for i-deals. More specifically, i-deals fully mediate the relationship between HR practices and eudaimonic well-being. In turn, i-deals and eudaimonic well-being fully mediate the relationship between HR practices and creative performance, which suggests that, through i-deals, HR practices become more beneficial for both employees and employers. In conclusion, these results are important for sustainable HR development, because HR practices enhance i-deals, which increase well-being, enhancing performance in the long term.

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When Does Economic Freedom Promote Well Being? On the Moderating Role of Long-Term Orientation

Social Indicators Research ◽

10.1007/s11205-019-02230-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 149 (1) ◽

pp. 127-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Johan Graafland

Keyword(s):

Life Satisfaction ◽

Economic Freedom ◽

Free Market ◽

Explanatory Power ◽

Well Being ◽

Cultural Dimension ◽

Better Life Index ◽

The Relationship

AbstractAn increasing volume of literature has shown that economic freedom is related to life satisfaction. However, life satisfaction may not fully describe well-being because of its subjective nature. This study contributes to previous literature by extending analysis of the relationship between economic freedom and life satisfaction to other dimensions of well-being as measured by the better life index of the OECD that includes both objective and subjective measures. A second innovation of this paper is that, in explaining the differences in well-being between countries, we conjecture that the relationship between free market institutions as measured by economic freedom and well-being is moderated by the cultural dimension of long-term orientation. This hypothesis is supported for six out of 11 dimensions of well-being: income, community, health, life satisfaction, safety, and work—life balance. Our study shows that looking at interdependencies between culture and formal institutions can increase the explanatory power of internationally comparative research into well-being.

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The Requisite Rigour in the Identification of Customary International Law

International Community Law Review ◽

10.1163/18719732-12341346 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 9-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Noora Arajärvi

Keyword(s):

United Nations ◽

International Law ◽

General Assembly ◽

Special Rapporteur ◽

Customary International Law ◽

United Nations General ◽

United Nations General Assembly ◽

International Law Commission ◽

Law Commission

Over the last few decades, the methodology for the identification of customary international law (cil) has been changing. Both elements of cil – practice and opinio juris – have assumed novel and broader forms, as noted in the Reports of the Special Rapporteur of the International Law Commission (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016). This contribution discusses these Reports and the draft conclusions, and reaction by States in the Sixth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly (unga), highlighting the areas of consensus and contestation. This ties to the analysis of the main doctrinal positions, with special attention being given to the two elements of cil, and the role of the unga resolutions. The underlying motivation is to assess the real or perceived crisis of cil, and the author develops the broader argument maintaining that in order to retain unity within international law, the internal limits of cil must be carefully asserted.

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Crime and Penal Policy in Zambia

The Journal of Modern African Studies ◽

10.1017/s0022278x00057190 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 483-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

John Hatchard

Keyword(s):

Well Being ◽

General Assembly ◽

The Political ◽

Economic Stability ◽

Penal Policy ◽

Economic Changes ◽

United Nations General ◽

United Nations General Assembly ◽

The Government

In recent years, many developing countries have undergone rapid and extensive socio-economic changes which generally have brought with them an increase in criminality. This is a trend which continues to cause grave concern. Indeed, the United Nations General Assembly in Resolution 35/171 of 15 December 1980 noted the significant increase in crime and recognised that this impairs the overall development of nations, undermines people's spiritual and material well-being, compromises human dignity, and creates a climate of fear and violence that erodes the quality of life. The response to criminality therefore becomes of the utmost importance and, indeed, the political and economic stability of any society can be seriously affected if the government is seen as being incapable of dealing with the problem.

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Why do states change positions in the United Nations General Assembly?

International Political Science Review ◽

10.1177/0192512115616540 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 70-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Samuel Brazys ◽

Diana Panke

Keyword(s):

United Nations ◽

Decision Makers ◽

General Assembly ◽

United Nations General ◽

Underlying Causes ◽

United Nations General Assembly ◽

The United Nations ◽

Change Position ◽

Over Time

Many international organizations deal with repeated items on their agendas. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) is no exception as many of its resolutions reoccur over time. A novel dataset on UNGA voting on repeated resolutions reveals considerable, but variable, amounts of change on resolutions by states over time. To shed light on underlying causes for voting (in)consistency, this paper draws on IR literature on negotiations and foreign policy changes to develop hypotheses on the role of domestic and international constraints. Our findings suggest that states with limited financial capacity cannot develop their own, principled, voting positions on all norms on the negotiation agenda. Consequently, these states can be more flexible in adjusting their voting position for reoccurring IO norms and are more prone to change their positions over time. Moreover, states with constrained decision-makers change position less frequently due to pluralistic gridlock. Finally, while large and rich states make a small number of purposive vote shifts, poor and aid-recipient states engage in ‘serial shifting’ on the same resolutions, a finding suggestive of vote-buying. The prevalence of position changes suggests that the international norm environment may be more fragile and susceptible to a revisionist agenda than is commonly assumed.

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