When Sexism Cuts Both Ways

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 524-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda L. Russell ◽  
Debra Oswald
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
University Students ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sexist Attitudes ◽  
Sexual Harassment Myths

This study explored whether tolerance of sexual harassment of men (TSHM) is driven by a common set of sexist ideologies typically found to be related to tolerance of sexual harassment of women. University students ( N = 433) completed a modified version of the Sexual Harassment Attitude Scale (SHAS) designed to measure TSHM. Predictor variables included sexual harassment myths about women, modern sexism, hostile, and benevolent sexism toward men and women and participant gender. A factor analysis of the measure revealed two reliable factors (sexual harassment as flirtation and minimization of victimization). With the exception of benevolence toward women, men scored higher on all measures of sexism and TSHM, yet correlational patterns showed a similar trend among men and women, suggesting a shared ideological belief that justifies TSHM. Despite differences in participant sex on most measures, participant sex was not a significant moderating variable in regression analyses when examining factors relating to TSHM. These results provide support that tolerance of sexual harassment is driven by a common set of sexist attitudes.

scholarly journals The Attitude Scale Towards Flirting Violence

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erva Fatma Tayanc ◽  
Merve Sarıer ◽  
Harun Kamanlı ◽  
Cansu Uysal
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Alpha Coefficient ◽  
Cronbach Alpha ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Reliable Scale

The aim of this study was to develop an attitude scale towards flirting violence for university students who study at TED University. 232 university students aged 18-25 in Ankara participated in this study. University Students’ Attitudes Scale Towards Flirting Violence (ASTFV)” is a 5 item Likert type scale. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis was used for validity and the results of the factor analysis indicated that the scale explains 62,798 % of the total variance. For reliability Cronbach Alpha coefficient was 0.938. Findings indicated that the ASTFV was a valid and reliable scale.

Ambivalent Sexism and Attitudes Toward Wife Abuse in Turkey and Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Glick ◽  
Nuray Sakalli-Ugurlu ◽  
Maria Cristina Ferreira ◽  
Marcos Aguiar de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Wife Abuse ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cultural Validity ◽  
Unique Variance

Men and women in Turkey and Brazil completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) and measures of attitudes about wife abuse. In both nations hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS) positively correlated with attitudes that legitimize abuse. Regression analyses revealed that HS accounted for unique variance, but BS (once HS was controlled) was unrelated to wife abuse attitudes. These results: (a) add to the evidence for the cross-cultural validity of ambivalent sexism, (b) suggest that HS supports the justification of violence against wives, and (c) imply that the ostensible protectiveness of BS is contingent, failing to shield women from abuse if they are deemed to have challenged a husband's authority or violated conventional gender roles.

Construct Validity of the Mathematics Attitude Scale

1985 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette M. Gadzella ◽  
John Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Mathematics Attitudes ◽  
Mathematics Attitude

A factor analysis of 273 university students' responses to the Mathematics Attitudes Scale was conducted. Four factors (Motivation and Enjoyment, Freedom of Fear, Importance, and Residual Enjoyment) accounted for 59.5% of the total variance. Of the 24 items, 16 loaded on the first factor which accounted for 40.8% of the total variance. The scale was viewed as more unidimensional than multidimensional for the group examined.

scholarly journals Women and #MeToo in Italy: Internalized sexualization is associated with tolerance of sexual harassment and negative views of the #MeToo movement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Moscatelli ◽  
Francesca Golfieri ◽  
Carlo Tomasetto ◽  
Rebecca S. Bigler
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Social Activism ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sexual Attractiveness ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Sexist Attitudes ◽  
Sexual Harassment Myths ◽  
Women’S Views

AbstractAs a consequence of exposure to sexualized messages, girls and women may internalize the belief that sexual attractiveness to men is an important aspect of their identity. Whereas research on internalized sexualization has mainly focused on its consequences for girls’ well-being and academic outcomes, the present study (N = 222, women, aged 20 to 29) examined whether internalized sexualization is related to sexist attitudes and tolerance of sexual harassment among young women. It also analyzed internalized sexualization’ links to women’s views of notorious sexual abuse allegations in the so-called Weinstein scandal and attitudes towards the #MeToo movement, a campaign aimed at combatting sexual harassment and sexual assault. The study was conducted in Italy, a context characterized by pervasive sexualized messages and diffuse criticism against the #MeToo movement. The findings showed that internalized sexualization was associated with stronger endorsement of sexist attitudes and higher acceptance of sexual harassment myths, which worked as sequential mediators of skepticism towards sexual abuse allegations in the Weinstein scandals. Endorsement of sexist attitudes mediated the relation between internalized sexualization and negative attitudes towards the #MeToo movement. This study extends the knowledge on the correlates of sexualization, suggesting that women’s internalization of the belief that they should be sexually attractive to men might contribute to reinforce ideologies and attitudes that perpetrate women’s mistreatment while diminishing support for social activism on women’s behalf.

Is Women’s Fear of Crime Fear of Sexual Assault? A Test of the Shadow of Sexual Assault Hypothesis in a Sample of Swedish University Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Mellgren ◽  
Anna-Karin Ivert
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
University Students ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Fear Of Rape ◽  
Shadow Of Sexual Assault

Prior research shows that women’s higher fear of crime compared with men can largely be explained by women’s fear of rape. Whether women’s higher fear can also be explained by fear of nonviolent sexual harassment has not been explored. This study tested the shadow of sexual assault hypothesis in a sample of almost 3,000 Swedish university students. Our results confirm previous tests of the shadow thesis on the effect of fear of rape. In addition, we show that fear of sexual harassment also explained differences in fear between men and women. Based on the findings, we recommend that strategies to reduce sexual violence should focus on the entire continuum of violence against women.

scholarly journals Attitude scale of individuals having mental disabilities towards sports activities (zebseytö): Validity and reliability studyZihinsel engelli bireylerin sportif etkinliklerine yönelik tutum ölçeği (zebseytö): Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekrem Levent İlhan ◽  
Oğuz Kaan Esentürk ◽  
Erkan Yarımkaya
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Mental Disabilities ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Cronbach Alpha ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sports Activities

In this research, it was aimed by university students to develop a measurement tool to measure the attitudes of individuals having mental disabilities towards sports activities in terms of validity and reliability. This study which was designed as a mixed model, was performed as two different working groups consisting of totally 376 university students (235 females, 141 males) in 2014-2015 Education year spring term. In order to test the validity of measurement tool, Exploratory Factor Analysis (AFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (DFA) were applied. As a result of AFA, a structure including 28 items and two sub-dimensions explaining 60.988% of total variance was obtained. As a result of DFA which was carried out to confirm this presented structure, sufficient fit indices were obtained. The reliability of measurement tool was investigated by Cronbach Alpha internal coefficient of consistency and test-retest method. Cronbach Alpha and test-retest method analysis provided evidence related with high-level reliability of measurement tool. In the light of these findings, it can be concluded that ZEBSEYTÖ is a data collecting tool which can do valid and reliable measurements and university students can measure the attitudes of individuals having mental disability towards sports activities via this tool. ÖzetBu araştırmada, üniversite öğrencilerinin zihinsel engelli bireylerin sportif etkinliklerine yönelik tutumlarını geçerli ve güvenilir olarak ölçebilen bir ölçme aracının geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Karma (mixed) modelde desenlenen bu araştırma, 2014-2015 Eğitim-Öğretim yılı bahar döneminde toplam 376 (235 kadın, 141 erkek) üniversite öğrencisinden oluşan iki farklı çalışma grubu üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Ölçme aracının psikometrik özelliklerine kanıt sağlamak amacıyla öncelikle madde analizi uygulanmıştır. Madde analizleri kapsamında, maddelerin ayırt ediciliğini tespit etmek amacıyla düzeltilmiş madde toplam test korelasyonu incelenmiş ve toplam puan üzerinden % 27’lik alt-üst grup karşılaştırmalarına yer verilmiştir. Ölçme aracının yapı geçerliğini sınamak için Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) uygulanmıştır. AFA sonucunda toplam varyansın % 60.988’ ini açıklayan, 28 madde ve iki alt boyuttan oluşan bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Ortaya çıkan bu yapının doğrulanması amacıyla gerçekleştirilen DFA sonucunda, yeterli uyum indekslerine ulaşılmıştır. Ölçme aracının güvenirliği, Cronbach Alfa iç tutarlık katsayısı ve test-tekrar test teknikleri ile incelenmiştir. Cronbach Alfa ve test-tekrar test analizleri, ölçme aracının yüksek düzeyde güvenilir olduğuna dair kanıt sağlamıştır. Bu bulgular ışığında, ZEBSEYTÖ’ nün geçerli ve güvenilir ölçümler yapabilen bir veri toplama aracı olduğu ve üniversite öğrencilerinin zihinsel engelli bireylerin sportif etkinliklerine yönelik tutumlarını ölçebilir nitelik taşıdığı söylenebilir.

Labeling Sexual Victimization Experiences: The Role of Sexism, Rape Myth Acceptance, and Tolerance for Sexual Harassment

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. LeMaire ◽  
Debra L. Oswald ◽  
Brenda L. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Rape Myth Acceptance ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Rape Myth ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sexist Attitudes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Myth Acceptance

This study investigated whether attitudinal variables, such as benevolent and hostile sexism toward men and women, female rape myth acceptance, and tolerance of sexual harassment are related to women labeling their sexual assault experiences as rape. In a sample of 276 female college students, 71 (25.7%) reported at least one experience that met the operational definition of rape, although only 46.5% of those women labeled the experience “rape.” Benevolent sexism, tolerance of sexual harassment, and rape myth acceptance, but not hostile sexism, significantly predicted labeling of previous sexual assault experiences by the victims. Specifically, those with more benevolent sexist attitudes toward both men and women, greater rape myth acceptance, and more tolerant attitudes of sexual harassment were less likely to label their past sexual assault experience as rape. The results are discussed for their clinical and theoretical implications.

Subclinical Sadism and the Dark Triad

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Johnson ◽  
Rachel A. Plouffe ◽  
Donald H. Saklofske
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Antisocial Personality Traits

Abstract. The Dark Triad is a constellation of three antisocial personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Recently, researchers have introduced a “Dark Tetrad” that includes subclinical sadism, although others suggest considerable overlap between psychopathy and sadism. To clarify the position of sadism within the Dark Triad, an online study was conducted with 615 university students. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that a six-factor solution fit the data best, representing Machiavellianism, psychopathy, physical sadism, verbal sadism, narcissism, and vicarious sadism. Furthermore, convergent validity was supported through sadism’s correlations with the HEXACO personality traits. The results support sadism’s inclusion within the Dark Tetrad as a unique construct but with some conceptual overlap with psychopathy.

Celebrity Worship Among University Students in Malaysia

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viren Swami ◽  
Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic ◽  
Khairul Mastor ◽  
Fatin Hazwani Siran ◽  
Mohammad Mohsein Mohammad Said ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The West ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Movie Stars ◽  
Three Factor

The present study examined conceptual issues surrounding celebrity worship in a Malay-speaking population. In total, 512 Malay and 269 Chinese participants from Malaysia indicated who their favorite celebrity was and completed the Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS) as well as a range of demographic items. Results showed that the majority of Malay and Chinese participants selected pop stars and movie stars as their favourite celebrities, mirroring findings in Western settings. In addition, exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor solution of the CAS that was consistent with previous studies conducted in the West. Structural equation modeling further revealed that participant’s age was negatively associated with celebrity worship and that self-rated attractiveness was positively associated with celebrity worship. Overall, the present results suggest that celebrity worship in Malaysia may be driven by market and media forces, and future research may well be guided by use of the CAS.

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