Using Propensity Score Methods to Approximate Factorial Experimental Designs to Analyze the Relationship Between Two Variables and an Outcome

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nianbo Dong
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Propensity Score Methods ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals To Detain or Not to Detain? Using Propensity Scores to Examine the Relationship Between Pretrial Detention and Conviction

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline G. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Propensity Scores ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Pretrial Detention ◽  
Propensity Score Methods ◽  
Criminal Propensity ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Relationship

Recent work has found that individuals who are detained prior to their sentencing are more likely to be convicted, be sentenced to prison as opposed to jail or probation, and to receive longer sentences if convicted. Is this effect due to detention, or is it merely a result of the same underlying criminal propensity being considered separately at each stage of the sentencing process? This study uses propensity score methods to create more comparable comparisons between detained and released criminal defendants. The results of this study indicate that detention itself has an independent effect on the likelihood of conviction. Even after matching with available covariates, individuals who are detained are more likely to be convicted than those who are released prior to their trial.

Assessing the Effects of Teachers’ Reading Knowledge on Students’ Achievement Using Multilevel Propensity Score Stratification

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Kelcey
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Teacher Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Assessment ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Specialized Knowledge ◽  
Propensity Score Methods ◽  
Word Analysis ◽  
Propensity Score Stratification ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship of teachers’ reading knowledge with students’ reading achievement using a direct teacher knowledge assessment rather than indirect proxies (e.g., certification). To address the inequitable distribution of teachers’ knowledge resulting from differences in teachers’ backgrounds and the disparities in how schools attract and cultivate knowledge, the study developed multilevel propensity score methods to identify comparable teachers on the basis of both teacher and school backgrounds. Results suggest that schools are complexly associated with differences in teachers’ knowledge and that comparisons which ignore the relevance of schools may be misleading. By comparing teachers with similar personal and school backgrounds, results show measured knowledge is significantly associated with students’ achievement in reading comprehension but not word analysis. The findings support policies which leverage school capacities to develop the specialized knowledge needed for teaching reading.

Differences in Relationship Stability Between Individuals in First and Second Marriages

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd M. Jensen ◽  
Kevin Shafer ◽  
Shenyang Guo ◽  
Jeffry H. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Propensity Score Analysis ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Relationship Stability ◽  
Propensity Score Methods ◽  
Score Analysis ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Weighting Procedures ◽  
The Relationship

Compared to first marriages, remarriages have consistently demonstrated higher rates of divorce. Theories used to explain this phenomenon include the family process and selection perspectives. Researchers have attempted to address selection bias in this area but have not yet employed propensity score analysis to bolster causal inference. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of covariate control methods for handling selection bias compared to propensity score methods and to examine whether a direct causal link between marriage order and relationship stability can be inferred after using propensity score greedy matching and propensity score weighting procedures. We analyze a sample of 1,679 first married and 410 remarried individuals drawn from the Relationship Evaluation Survey. Results provide support for the selection perspective and suggest that a direct causal link between marriage order and relationship stability should not be inferred. Implications, limitations, and future directions for research are discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Distributional Overlap on the Precision Gain of Bounds for Generalization

2022 ◽  
pp. 109821402094330
Author(s):  
Wendy Chan
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Propensity Scores ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Propensity Score Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Observable Data ◽  
Propensity Score Stratification ◽  
The Relationship

Over the past ten years, propensity score methods have made an important contribution to improving generalizations from studies that do not select samples randomly from a population of inference. However, these methods require assumptions and recent work has considered the role of bounding approaches that provide a range of treatment impact estimates that are consistent with the observable data. An important limitation to bound estimates is that they can be uninformatively wide. This has motivated research on the use of propensity score stratification to narrow bounds. This article assesses the role of distributional overlap in propensity scores on the effectiveness of stratification to tighten bounds. Using the results of two simulation studies and two case studies, I evaluate the relationship between distributional overlap and precision gain and discuss the implications when propensity score stratification is used as a method to improve precision in the bounding framework.

scholarly journals Relationship between benzodiazepine prescription, aggressive behavior, and behavioral disinhibition: a retrospective study in a Swiss prison

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Baggio ◽  
Vladan Starcevic ◽  
Patrick Heller ◽  
Karen Brändle ◽  
Irina Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Behavioral Disinhibition ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Benzodiazepine Use ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed in prisons amidst the controversies surrounding their potential role in causing behavioral disinhibition and aggressive behavior and their association with use and trafficking of illicit and addictive substances. The present study aimed to (1) ascertain the relationship between benzodiazepine prescription (including their dosage and duration of use) and aggressive behavior and behavioral disinhibition in prison and (2) investigate whether there was an association between benzodiazepine prescription, (including their dosage and duration of use) and using and trafficking illicit and addictive substances during imprisonment. Methods Data were extracted from the electronic database of an “open” Swiss prison (n = 1206, 1379 measures) over a 5-year period (2010–2015). Measures included benzodiazepine prescription, duration of benzodiazepine use and mean dosage, and punishable behaviors (physical and verbal aggression, disinhibited but not directly aggressive behaviors, property damage or theft, substance-related offenses, and rule transgression). We assessed the relationship between benzodiazepine prescription and punishable behaviors after propensity score matching. Logistic regressions were also used to test the relationship of benzodiazepine use duration and dosage with punishable behaviors among participants who received benzodiazepines. Results After propensity score matching, benzodiazepine prescription was not significantly associated with any punishable behavior. Among detained persons who took benzodiazepines, there was no significant association of dosage and duration of use with offenses involving illicit or addictive substance use or trafficking. Conclusions Our study did not empirically support the occurrence of increased aggressive or disinhibited behaviors or increased risk of substance abuse in detained persons who received benzodiazepines in prison. This suggests a need to reconsider restrictions in prescribing benzodiazepines in the prison setting.

The Relationship between Dental Findings and Tongue Pressure: A Survey of 745 Community-Dwelling Adults and Elderly Persons in Japan

Gerontology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kensuke Tashiro ◽  
Sakiko Soutome ◽  
Madoka Funahara ◽  
Yumiko Kawashita ◽  
Masayasu Kitamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Tongue Pressure ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Teeth ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: Reduced tongue pressure is one of the causes of dysphagia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dental findings and tongue pressure, and whether prosthetic treatment prevents reduced tongue pressure. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Participants were 745 community-dwelling adults and elderly persons in the Goto Islands in Nagasaki, who underwent a health checkup for residents in 2015 and 2016. Data were collected on gender; age; grip strength; hemoglobin; Creatinine (Cr); glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c); history of stroke; smoking, drinking, exercise, and walking habits; number of teeth; wearing of removable dentures; functional units of natural teeth (n-FTUs), fixed prostheses (nif-FTUs), and removable dentures (t-FTUs); and tongue pressure. The associations between each variable and tongue pressure were examined using multiple regression analysis. Next, those with 3 or fewer n-FTUs were selected, and differences in tongue pressure were compared between those with 3 or fewer nif-FTUs and those with 4 or more nif-FTUs, using a propensity score matching method. Results: Male gender, weak grip strength, low HbA1c, no drinking, and a low number of teeth were independent factors significantly associated with lower tongue pressure. Among participants with 3 or fewer n-FTUs, the 43 with 4 or more nif-FTUs showed significantly higher tongue pressure than the 43 with 3 or fewer nif-FTUs after propensity score matching, although the number of t-FTUs was not associated with tongue pressure. Discussion/Conclusion: Tooth loss was significantly associated with lower tongue pressure. It was suggested that fixed prosthesis treatment might prevent the reduction of tongue pressure, but removable dentures did not have such an effect.

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