Early Ambulation After Injury Is Associated With Increased Muscle Size and Strength

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-535
Author(s):  
Jacob T. Higgins ◽  
Susan K. Frazier ◽  
Terry Lennie ◽  
Mary Kay Rayens ◽  
Jacob Avila
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Major Trauma ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Early Ambulation ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Trauma Injury ◽  
And Gender

Background: Trauma and management of injuries can result in reduction or loss of mobility, which can lead to skeletal muscle deconditioning and sustained disability. Prior investigators have examined changes in skeletal muscle due to injury and immobility separately. The muscular consequences of combined immobility and trauma have not been systematically investigated. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the association of time to first ambulation with skeletal muscle size and strength in patients after major trauma. Methods: Adults ( N = 19) admitted for major trauma (Injury Severity Score [ISS] > 15) provided daily measures of muscle size (ultrasound) and strength (dynamometry) during hospitalization. Participants were grouped based on time to first ambulation. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare muscle measures between the groups across 5 days while controlling for age and gender. Results: Participants were primarily male (63%) aged 40 ± 17 years with a mean ISS of 21 ± 4. Early ambulation was associated with a 10% increase from baseline in bicep size on Days 3 and 4 and a 15% increase from baseline on Day 5. There were no changes in rectus femoris size in either group. The early ambulation group was significantly stronger than the delayed ambulation group throughout the study in measures taken with the biceps (22%–37%) and quadriceps (26%–46%). Conclusion: Early ambulation following major trauma was associated with increased bicep size and greater muscle strength in the biceps and quadriceps muscles over time.

Transdermal delivery of carnosine into equine skeletal muscle

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
B.P. Dieter ◽  
C.J. Macias ◽  
T.J. Sharpe ◽  
B. Roberts ◽  
M. Wille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Thoroughbred Racehorses ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects

The dipeptide carnosine consists of β-alanine and L-histidine. It plays a major role in skeletal muscle metabolism, especially as an intracellular buffer and antioxidant. Increasing intramuscular carnosine has been shown to improve recovery from exercise and increase anaerobic threshold and time-to-exhaustion. Dietary supplementation with carnosine does not effectively increase intramuscular carnosine due to the presence of carnosinase in the blood. However, an effective transdermal delivery process could expediently increase intramuscular concentrations of carnosine. This study’s objective was to examine the efficacy of a transdermal system for delivering carnosine into the skeletal muscle of horses, using a randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. Carnosine plus a proprietary transdermal delivery agent or the agent alone (placebo) were applied to the middle gluteal muscles of 10 Thoroughbred racehorses, and muscle biopsies were taken before and 30, 60, and 120 min after application. Muscle carnosine concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test for the main effects of time and treatment (placebo or carnosine) as well as an interaction between time and treatment. Independent F-tests examined the change in intramuscular carnosine levels from baseline to each time point (30, 60, and 120 min). There was a significant main effect of treatment (P=0.004), no significant main effect for time (P=0.18), and a non-significant interaction of treatment with time (P=0.08). Mean intramuscular carnosine concentrations increased from baseline to 120 min. Compared to concentrations following placebo application, carnosine was greater by ~35% at 30 min (P=0.002) and ~46% after 60 min (P=0.044), but not at 120 min (P=0.20). The results indicated that intramuscular carnosine can be increased using a transdermal delivery system within 60 min of application which could have important implications for the health of horses, and their capacity to perform and recover from physical activity.

scholarly journals Effect of increased serum 25(OH)D and calcium on structure and function of post-menopausal women: a pilot study

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Hillstrom ◽  
R. Soeters ◽  
M. Miranda ◽  
S. I. Backus ◽  
J. Hafer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fatigue ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
And Function

Abstract Summary The purpose was to determine if increasing serum 25(OH)D and calcium in postmenopausal women increased skeletal muscle size, strength, balance, and functional task performance while decreasing muscle fatigue. PCSA of the vastus lateralis increased and ascent of stairs time decreased after 6 months of increased serum 25(OH)D. Purpose The Institute of Medicine recommends ≥ 20 ng/ml of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] for bone and overall health. Serum 25(OH)D levels have been associated with physical performance, postural sway, and falls. The purpose of this study was to determine if increasing postmenopausal women’s serum 25(OH)D levels from 20–30 ng/ml to 40–50 ng/ml improved skeletal muscle size, strength, balance, and functional performance while decreasing skeletal muscle fatigue. Methods Twenty-six post-menopausal women (60–85 years old) with baseline serum 25(OH)D levels between 20 and 30 ng/ml were recruited. Oral over-the-counter (OTC) vitamin D3 and calcium citrate were prescribed to increase subjects’ serum 25(OH)D to levels between 40 and 50 ng/ml, serum calcium levels above 9.2 mg/dl, and PTH levels below 60 pg/ml, which were confirmed at 6 and 12 weeks. Outcome measures assessed at baseline and 6 months included muscle physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), muscle strength, postural balance, time to perform functional tasks, and muscle fatigue. Repeated measures comparisons between baseline and follow-up were performed. Results Nineteen subjects completed the study. One individual could not afford the time commitment for the repeated measures. Three individuals did not take their vitamin D as recommended. Two subjects were lost to follow-up (lack of interest), and one did not achieve targeted serum 25(OH)D. Vastus lateralis PCSA increased (p = 0.007) and ascent of stair time decreased (p = 0.042) after 6 months of increasing serum 25(OH)D levels from 20–30 ng/ml to 40–50 ng/ml. Isometric strength was unchanged. Anterior-posterior center of pressure (COP) excursion and COP path length decreased (p < 0.1) albeit non-significantly, suggesting balance may improve from increased serum 25(OH)D and calcium citrate levels. Conclusions Several measures of muscle structure and function were sensitive to elevated serum 25(OH)D and calcium levels indicating that further investigation of this phenomenon in post-menopausal women is warranted.

Effect of Instructor Gender and Gender Role on Student Willingness to Take a Psychology Course

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Psychology Course

Students read a set of three instructor descriptions representing feminine, masculine, and androgynous gender roles. After reading the descriptions, students rated their willingness to take a clinical and an experimental psychology course from the instructor. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant effect of instructor gender role. Students were less willing to take a course from the masculine instructor than from either the feminine or the androgynous instructor. A significant Instructor Gender Role X Type of Course interaction was also observed. Student and instructor gender did not affect willingness to take a psychology course.

scholarly journals Influence of Eating Schedule on the Postprandial Response: Gender Differences

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Masihy ◽  
Hugo Monrroy ◽  
Giulio Borghi ◽  
Teodora Pribic ◽  
Carmen Galan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Postprandial Response ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Schedule Effect

Ingestion of a meal induces conscious sensations depending of the characteristics of the meal and the predisposition of the eater. We hypothesized that the eating schedule plays a conditioning role, specifically, that an extemporaneous meal is less rewarding than when eaten at the habitual schedule. We conducted a randomized parallel trial in 10 women and 10 men comparing the responses to a consistent savoury lunch-type meal (stewed beans) eaten at the habitual afternoon schedule or at an unconventional time in the morning. Schedule and gender differences were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of covariance. In women, the sensory experience induced by the probe meal, particularly postprandial satisfaction, was weaker when eaten at an unconventional time for breakfast. Men were resilient to the schedule effect and experienced the same sensations regardless of the timing of ingestion; the effect of the eating schedule was significantly more pronounced in women for fullness (F(1,55) = 14.9; p < 0.001), digestive well-being (F(1,36.8) = 22.3; p < 0.001), mood (F(1,12.4) = 13.8; p < 0.001), and anxiety (F(1,11.9) = 10.9; p = 0.001). No differences in the physiological responses induced by the afternoon and morning meals were detected either in women or men. Our data indicate that women are more susceptible to changes in meal schedule than men.

scholarly journals Hyperglycemia as a positive predictor of mortality in major trauma

2020 ◽  
pp. 102490792091125
Author(s):  
Chia-Peng Chang ◽  
Cheng-Ting Hsiao ◽  
Cheng-Hsien Wang ◽  
Kai-Hua Chen ◽  
I-Chuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Major Trauma ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Reliable Predictor ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Trauma Injury

Background: Hyperglycemia in the acute phase after trauma is a stress response and a metabolic reflection in humans with injury, which could adversely affect outcome in trauma patients. In this study, we attempted to identify if hyperglycemia a reliable predictor for mortality in major trauma patients. Objectives: In order to identify if hyperglycemia a reliable predictor for mortality in major trauma, we designed and proformed a prospective observational study in a tertiary hospital. Method: We performed a prospective observational study to review the records of 601 patients with major trauma (injury severity scores >15) who visited our hospital’s emergency department from August 2012 to July 2015. Logistic regression was performed to assess the effect of hyperglycemia on mortality. Result: Major trauma patients in the hyperglycemia group had low systolic/diastolic blood pressure at triage, low initial Glasgow Coma Scale score, high incidence of hypotension episodes, coagulopathy, acidosis, and anemia. Hyperglycemia was significantly correlated with mortality in major trauma patients in this study (odds ratio: 1.97, 95% confidence interval: 1.04–3.74). Conclusion: In major trauma patients with injury severity scores >15, hyperglycemia has a positive correlation with mortality, which could be a predictor of mortality in clinical practice.

Differences in 3-Dimensional Shoulder Kinematics between Persons with Multidirectional Instability and Asymptomatic Controls

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1361-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jena B. Ogston ◽  
Paula M. Ludewig
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Multidirectional Instability ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Shoulder Kinematics ◽  
Scapular Plane

Background Evidence that persons with multidirectional instability (MDI) of the shoulder have abnormal shoulder kinematics is limited. A kinematic description of scapulothoracic and glenohumeral motion can assist both conservative and surgical rehabilitative programs. Hypothesis Persons with MDI of the shoulder demonstrate increased anterior and inferior glenohumeral translation and decreased scapular upward rotation and increased scapular internal rotation compared with age-matched and gender-matched asymptomatic controls. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Sixty-two subjects were recruited from an outpatient orthopaedic clinic. Subjects with MDI were matched according to age, gender, and hand dominance to asymptomatic controls. An electromagnetic motion capture system evaluated the 3-dimensional position of the trunk, scapula, and humerus during frontal and scapular plane elevation. A repeated measures analysis of variance evaluated joint positions and glenohumeral translations during 4 phases of elevation (0°-30°, 31°-60°, 61°-90°, and 91°-120°). Results When averaged across the 4 phases of elevation, persons with MDI demonstrated a significant decrease in scapular upward rotation in scapular plane abduction (8°, P = .006) and abduction (5.8°, P = .016) and increased internal rotation during scapular plane abduction (12.2°, P = .03). Alterations in glenohumeral translations in the MDI group did not reach statistical significance (P = .54-.71). Conclusion Abnormal scapular kinematics are seen in the MDI shoulder, highlighting the importance of incorporating scapular positioning and stability exercises during rehabilitation. Additional study is warranted concerning the efficacy of various rehabilitation programs, and also both surgical and nonsurgical interventions in this population.

In-Water Resisted Swim Training for Age-Group Swimmers: An Evaluation of Training Effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Kojima ◽  
Christopher L. Brammer ◽  
Tyler D. Sossong ◽  
Takashi Abe ◽  
Joel M. Stager
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Swim Performance ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
And Performance

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of resisted sprint swim training with that of nonresisted sprint swim training on 50-m freestyle competition time (Vmax50) in age-group swimmers.Methods:Twenty-four age-group swimmers (age 10.6–14.9 y) were divided into resisted or nonresisted sprint swim training groups and completed a sprint swim training intervention 2 times per week for 10 weeks. Repeated 10-m sprints with progressively increasing resistance were used to determine measures of swim power. Skeletal muscle mass was estimated using B-mode ultrasound. Maturity status was estimated using predicted adult height (%Htadult) and maturity offset.Results:A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed no group × time interaction for measured variables. Vmax50 was correlated with skeletal muscle mass and swim power variables, but no significant relationship was found between relative changes in these variables. Estimated maturity status (%Htadult) appeared to be associated with initial measures of swim power and performance variables.Conclusions:Ten weeks of resisted sprint swim training was not any more effective than nonresisted sprint swim training at improving sprint swim performance in age-group swimmers.

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