Gender and parenting: Effects of parenting failures on evaluations of mothers and fathers

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 867-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian J. Villicana ◽  
Donna M. Garcia ◽  
Monica Biernat
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Quality Matters ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Parent Gender ◽  
Parenting Quality ◽  
Good Parent ◽  
Subjective Judgments

Stereotypes may function as standards, such that individuals are judged relative to within-category expectations. Subjective judgments may mask stereotyping effects, whereas objective judgments may reveal stereotype-consistent patterns. We examined whether gender stereotypes about parenting lead judges to rate women and men as equally “good” parents while objective judgments favor women and whether parenting performance moderates this pattern. Participants evaluated a mother or father who successfully or unsuccessfully performed a parenting task. Subjective judgments of parent quality (“s/he is a good parent”) revealed no parent gender effects, but objective estimates of parenting performance favored mothers. In a hypothetical divorce scenario, participants also favored mothers in custody decisions. However, this pro-mother bias decreased when the mother failed at the parenting task (through her own fault). Performance did not affect custody decisions for fathers. We suggest parenting quality matters more for evaluations of mothers than for fathers because negative performance violates stereotyped expectations.

scholarly journals Grammar, gender and demonstratives in lateralized imagery for sentences

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel Wallentin ◽  
Roberta Rocca ◽  
Sofia Stroustrup
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Reading Direction ◽  
Figure Drawings ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Significant Support

We investigated biases in the organization of imagery by asking participants to make stick-figure drawings of sentences containing a man, a woman and a transitive action (e.g. She kisses that guy). Previous findings show that prominent features of meaning and sentence structure are placed to the left in drawings, according to reading direction (e.g. Stroustrup & Wallentin, 2018). Five hundred thirty participants listened to sentences in Danish and made 8 drawings each. We replicated three findings: 1) that the first mentioned element is placed to the left more often, 2) that the agent in the sentence is placed to the left, and 3) that the grammatical subject is placed to the left of the object. We further tested hypotheses related to deixis and gender stereotypes. By adding demonstratives (e.g. Danish equivalents of this and that), that have been found to indicate attentional prominence, we tested the hypothesis that this is also translated into a left-ward bias in the produced drawings. We were unable to find support for this hypothesis. Analyses of gender biases tested the presence of a gender identification and a gender stereotype effect. According to the identification hypothesis, participants should attribute prominence to their own gender and draw it to the left, and according to the stereotype effect participants should be more prone to draw the male character to the left, regardless of own gender. We were not able to find significant support for either of the two gender effects. The combination of replications and null-findings suggest that the left-ward bias in the drawing experiment might be narrowly tied to left-to-right distribution in written language and less to overall prominence. No effect of handedness was observed.

Are Scientists Smart? Kindergarteners’ Gendered Understanding and Use of Descriptors About Science and Intelligence

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-554
Author(s):  
Vanessa Diaz ◽  
Kelly Runyon ◽  
Carolyn J. Kroehler
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Expectancy Value Theory ◽  
Parental Occupation ◽  
Expectancy Value ◽  
Same Gender ◽  
Balanced Arrays

Do kindergarten-aged children associate scientists with intelligence? Do they hold gender stereotypes about these topics? What is related to these stereotypes? Do they affect children’s choice of activity? This study asked 48 kindergarteners to choose “the smart one” or “the scientist” out of gender-balanced arrays. Both genders showed positive in-group biases, but girls did not relate the two concepts. Girls were also more willing to engage in activities for “smart” children, rather than for “little scientists.” Parental occupation had same-gender effects on each gender’s stereotypes about intelligence, but no cross-gender effects. Findings are analyzed using expectancy-value theory as a framework.

Gender Socialization, Family Leadership, and the Invisible Father in Children’s Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110588
Author(s):  
David A. Anderson ◽  
Mykol C. Hamilton ◽  
Gabrielle M. Gilkison ◽  
Skyler K. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Picture Books ◽  
Gender Socialization ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Children's Picture Books ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Family Leadership ◽  
Leaders Method

Objective: This study examines the portrayals of mothers and fathers in children’s picture books read by millions of parents and children in their formative years. We investigate the extent to which these books present rigid parental stereotypes that misrepresent the potential of family leaders. Method: We performed a content analysis of 203 prominent children’s picture books from recent years to assess the appearances, activities, and emotions of mothers and fathers. Results: Rather than transcending narrow gender stereotypes, fathers in the most-read books continue to be underrepresented, relatively hands-off parents. Mothers are generally portrayed as emotional parents who complete traditional chores and nurture children. Conclusion: The gender socialization of children and parents via children’s books contributes to the notion that mothers and fathers cannot perform as equals in homes or workplaces. Representations of mothers and fathers differ substantially, with fathers playing a secondary role in parenting if they appear at all.

scholarly journals Diurnal testosterone variability is differentially associated with parenting quality in mothers and fathers

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce J. Endendijk ◽  
Elizabeth T. Hallers-Haalboom ◽  
Marleen G. Groeneveld ◽  
Sheila R. van Berkel ◽  
Lotte D. van der Pol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Parenting Quality

scholarly journals Gender Stereotyping and Chivalry in International Negotiations: A Survey Experiment in the Council of the European Union

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Naurin ◽  
Elin Naurin ◽  
Amy Alexander
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
International Negotiations ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Negotiation Literature

AbstractGender stereotypes—stylized expectations of individuals’ traits and capabilities based on their gender—may affect the behavior of diplomats and the processes of international negotiations. In a survey experiment in the Council of the European Union, we find that female representatives behaving stereotypically weak and vulnerable may trigger a chivalry reaction among male representatives, increasing the likelihood that the men will agree to support a bargaining proposal from the women. The effect is conditional on the negotiators’ cultural background—the chivalry reaction is displayed mainly by diplomats from countries with relatively low levels of gender equality. Our study contributes to the research on nonstandard behavior in international relations, and in particular the expression and reception of emotions in diplomacy. We argue that gender stereotypes may have a moderating impact on decision making based on such intuitive cognitive processes. We also add to the broader negotiation literature, both by showing the pervasiveness of gender stereotyping, and by testing at the elite level the generalizability of claims regarding gender effects derived from laboratory experiments. Overall, our findings demonstrate the importance of bringing gender into the study of international negotiations, where it has been largely and surprisingly ignored.

Context, gender and entrepreneurial intentions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Rienke van Ewijk ◽  
Sophia Belghiti-Mahut
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions (EI) change when entrepreneurship education (EE) is added to the force field of macro-social stimulants and inhibitors of female EI in the particular context of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a pre-post survey with entrepreneurship students and students with a similar profile enrolled in other courses (N = 246) at three universities. The three main hypotheses are evaluated through independent-samplest-tests and a hierarchical multiple regression analysis.FindingsThe findings indicate a negative effect of gender stereotypes on female students’ EI in the UAE, regardless of the course type. Furthermore, entrepreneurship courses appear to be more successful than other courses in raising the EI of students in general and female students in particular. Finally, adding EE to the equation of macro-social inhibitors and stimulants of female EI in the UAE seems to tip the balance in favor of the influence of economic affluence, rapid modernization and proactive governmental policies to stimulate the entrepreneurial spirit among female residents. That is, at the end of the entrepreneurship courses, there was no significant gender difference in EI anymore and female students are significantly more likely to experience a positive change in EI than male students.Research limitations/implicationsThe literature review identifies the need for future studies to evaluate the impact of variability in sampling and methods among previous studies on gender effects in EE. Building on the findings, future studies could identify which aspects of EE are pivotal for customizing female students’ specific local interests and needs. The study is limited in the sense that the data set did not enable tests of moderators at the course level (which mostly requires more qualitative data) and individual level. In addition, the sample is not representative for all female residents in the UAE at large.Practical implicationsThis study might stimulate (UAE) policymakers to increase the scope and quality of EE. In turn, university administrators are recommended to find ways to compensate the self-selection effect (overcome likely opt-out by female students) when entrepreneurship courses are elective.Originality/valueThis exploration was inspired by the strong emphasis that Julie Weeks put on the gendered impact of macro-level factors in business enabling environments (Weeks, 2011). The empirical analysis builds on a conceptual framework that integrates Krueger’s model of EI, theory on gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship and previous literature on the role of EE (reinforcing or mitigating stereotypes). The study is executed in the relatively unexplored context of the UAE, which offers strong macro-social inhibitors for ánd stimulants of female entrepreneurship.

Mothers, fathers, and gender: Parental narratives about children

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Story Telling ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
And Gender

This was an exploratory study assessing how parents talk about salient child experiences, namely injuries serious enough to require hospital ER treatment. Preschool-aged (2–5 years) and school-aged (8–13 years) children were recruited from a hospital ER, and their parents were interviewed a few days later about their children's experience. The free recall portion of interviews are assessed here. Narratives of mothers and fathers differed little, but both parents were more elaborative, i.e., more descriptive and informative, when they talked about the injury of their daughters vs. their sons. Narratives about daughters were also more cohesive and included more context-setting information, i.e., orientation to where and when events occurred. Narratives about older children were also longer, more elaborative, more cohesive, and more contextually embedded than were those about younger children. Although the amount of explicit emotion descriptors did not differ, fathers tended to emphasize the absence of an emotional reaction by their sons, but not their daughters. Results were discussed in terms of concordance with gender stereotypes that describe males as tough and females as fragile. (Narratives, Gender, Parents, Story-telling)

scholarly journals Gender stereotypes in advertising have negative cross-gender effects

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Åkestam ◽  
Sara Rosengren ◽  
Micael Dahlén ◽  
Karina T. Liljedal ◽  
Hanna Berg
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Female Stereotypes ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to investigate cross-gender effects of gender stereotypes in advertising. More specifically, it proposes that the negative effects found in studies of women’s reactions to stereotyped female portrayals should hold across gender portrayal and target audience gender. Design/methodology/approach In two experimental studies, the effects of stereotyped portrayals (vs non-stereotyped portrayals) across gender are compared. Findings The results show that advertising portrayals of women and men have a presumed negative influence on others, leading to higher levels of ad reactance, which has a negative impact on brand-related effects across model and participant gender, and for gender stereotypes in terms of physical characteristics and roles. Research limitations/implications Whereas previous studies have focused on reactions of women to female stereotypes, the current paper suggests that women and men alike react negatively to stereotyped portrayals of other genders. Practical implications The results indicate that marketers can benefit from adapting a more mindful approach to the portrayals of gender used in advertising. Originality/value The addition of a cross-gender perspective to the literature on gender stereotypes in advertising is a key contribution to this literature.

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