Gender and Mindscapes of Patriarchy in Poverty Reduction

Is poverty gendered? Feminist theorists suggest that the experience of poverty by any woman is shaped not only by her gender but by ideologies and other systems of social stratification such as race, ethnicity, and class – and that these dimensions are not simply an additional facet of a woman's identity but do affect her gendered experience as well. The narratives examined in this chapter consist of symbolic patriarchy, inheritance laws, gender socialization, domestic division of labor, and certain accounts pertaining to widows and the subordination of women. A scan of the African cultural landscape revealed a profile of rural poverty that is unproportionate, unequal, and sometimes unfairly affects women more than men. Patriarchal and discriminatory practices are stubbornly unyielding in some rural areas and has inflicted a blow against women the most.

Homophobic Conduct as Normative Masculinity Test

Homophobic violence can be considered as an expressive act. Violent behavior can be considered as anti-homosexual when victims are chosen because they are considered or perceived as homosexual. Following this reasoning, hate crimes as homophobic crimes have a communicative value, since they represent a range of “masculinization” practices within the processes of gender socialization, both in conventional and illegitimate social worlds. Every homophobic act aims to intimidate not just the victim, but the whole group associated with the, whether concretely or merely in the perception of the perpetrator. This chapter will take into account the main research on victimization from an international perspective; it will highlight how both the gender of the perpetrator and the cultural constructions of masculinity(ies), in a heterosexist and hegemonic system, seem to play a fundamental role in producing homophobic and anti-homosexual behaviour.

Gender Socialization, Family Leadership, and the Invisible Father in Children’s Literature

Objective: This study examines the portrayals of mothers and fathers in children’s picture books read by millions of parents and children in their formative years. We investigate the extent to which these books present rigid parental stereotypes that misrepresent the potential of family leaders. Method: We performed a content analysis of 203 prominent children’s picture books from recent years to assess the appearances, activities, and emotions of mothers and fathers. Results: Rather than transcending narrow gender stereotypes, fathers in the most-read books continue to be underrepresented, relatively hands-off parents. Mothers are generally portrayed as emotional parents who complete traditional chores and nurture children. Conclusion: The gender socialization of children and parents via children’s books contributes to the notion that mothers and fathers cannot perform as equals in homes or workplaces. Representations of mothers and fathers differ substantially, with fathers playing a secondary role in parenting if they appear at all.

Transformaciones en las narrativas audiovisuales desde una perspectiva de género=Transformations in audiovisual narratives from a gender perspective

<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>En el contexto de la cuarta ola del feminismo, caracterizada por una mayor visibilidad incentivada por el uso de los entornos virtuales y una más amplia participación digital, entendimos la posibilidad de hacer un llamamiento que sistematizara aportaciones varias en la profundización del análisis de las narrativas audiovisuales desde una perspectiva de género, pero también las nuevas estrategias y plataformas de representación, así como las herramientas del ciberactivismo y las prácticas comunicativas vinculadas a la movilización. Así, el entorno digital no tiene un carácter solamente instrumental sino sustancial contribuyendo a la transformación de las narrativas, de los discursos, de la capacidad de agencia; aunque también, y de la misma manera, de la difusión de discursos antifeministas y misóginos (Tortajada y Vera, 2021).</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>This monograph brings together twenty-seven contributions that provide a plural and diverse view of audiovisual narratives. This gaze runs through the different audiovisual media starting with the cinema, a fundamental vehicle for gender socialization, television, VOD platforms and social networks. We have focused especially on the investigations that make visible the (under) representation of women in this field and the works spotlight on the analysis of the audiovisual narrative that contribute to making a balance and diagnosis of the current situation from the perspective of the “female agency”. The Open Tribune has fifteen contributions to the fields of knowledge of communication, digital culture and gender studies. Finally, the Reviews section presents five manuscripts of literary works.</p>

STUDY OF GENDER SOCIALIZATION OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL-AND-HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

The relevance of the study arises because of the need to consider gender socialization of the individual from the positions of social expectations, cultural characteristics, traditions, education within society as a macroenvironment of preschool children. Analysis of the genesis of gender research in the context of social-and-historical development of society outlines the current problems of gender socialization of the individual and the pedagogical components of this issue. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to reveal the features of gender socialization of the preschooler in the context of social-and-historical development of society. The author reveals general tendencies of modern researches in the sphere of gender problems and with the help of systemic-and-structural analysis, comparison and generalization of pedagogical, psychological and ethnographic scientific sources investigates a social-and-historical aspect of development of society where gender formation of the person takes place. It was found in particular that at different stages of development of society, children in the process of gender socialization had common methods and goals of parental influence including training the obedience, responsibility for participation in household activities and in the performance of household duties; training the elder siblings to care for younger ones; forming the need to achieve results through competition and evaluation of the quality of performance; fostering independence, the ability to take care of themselves, not to depend on the help of others, to meet own needs and desires. The interdependence between the level of development of society and its attitude to children in general and the process of gender socialization in particular is revealed. The analysis of various sources gives grounds to assert that in different historical periods of society's development the attitude to children and the formation of skills of intersex communication were changing. The study of childhood history revealed a consistent rapprochement between a child and an adult. The analyzed researches allow us to conclude that the development of society complicates the spheres of life of the preschool child, affects the process of socialization and increases its value in culture. The combination of historical and pedagogical approaches with the achievements of modern science will provide real opportunities for the development of effective methods of forming valuable attitude towards preschool children.

Training Future Specialists in Social and Pedagogical Fields for Gender Socialization of Socially Vulnerable Children

Today’s reality demonstrates the need of the society for qualified specialists who can interact with children at a high professional level, provide them with assistance and support and promote proper gender-role socialization, taking into account their gender differences. The paper aims to verify socio-pedagogical conditions and the author’s model of training future specialists in social and pedagogical fields for gender socialization of socially vulnerable children. The experimental group (EG) consisted of 110 respondents, whereas the control group (CG) - 120 respondents. The experimental model was based on the principles of an environmental approach, which allows one to design the educational environment of a higher education institution; a gender approach, which is aimed at creating comfortable conditions for gender identification and effective socialization of the individual; a competency-based approach, which shifts the emphasis from the educational process to its results. Research methods include the following: empirical methods - diagnostic methods (questionnaires, surveys, tests, interviews), observational methods (participant observation) to identify the levels of future social educators’ readiness to work with preschoolers. The number of future social educators with a sufficient level of such readiness has increased from 4.8% to 23.6%; the number of future social educators with an average level has increased from 33.7% to 35.1%; the number of future social educators with a low level has decreased from 61.5% to 41.3%. The obtained results of CG and EG differ significantly, owing to the implementation of socio-pedagogical conditions of professional training for future specialists in social and pedagogical fields for gender socialization of socially vulnerable children in the educational process of higher educational institutions (HEIs) with education faculties.

Models of Boys’ Gender Socialization in Families in Modern-day Serbia

This paper focuses on the process of gender socialization of boys, examined through parenting practices of mothers and fathers in the contemporary socio-cultural context of Serbia. The analysis is based on empirical material collected via semi-structured interviews during 2012 on a sample of 24 families with children aged 2 to 12. The constant comparative analysis (grounded theory method) includes attitudes and actions of parents of boys and girls (as a control group) in the process of family gender socialization, and enables interpretation of boys’ gender socialization models on a continuum ranging from traditional to modern upbringing practices of parents. The research shows that parental practices in modern-day Serbia are still primarily traditional. Of the three distinct models of boys’ gender socialization (traditional, transitional and participatory), the last two represent a step forward in the direction of the individualization of parenthood and more egalitarian gender socialization patterns influenced primarily by partner relationship dynamics. These dynamics are initiated by mothers’ reflexiveness and the transformation of the concept of the “sacrificing motherhood”. The dynamic of partner relationships thus shifts in the direction of “sacrificing fatherhood”, that is, a father’s renunciation of a part of the privileges he enjoyed before entering the responsibilities within the household. Interactions with the social environment (and perceived changes in it), as well as interactions with the family of origin are crucial elements in whose interrelation the upbringing practices of parents are built and within which gender socialization of boys takes place in the socio-cultural context of contemporary families in Serbia.

Gender Representations in Social Media and Formations of Masculinity

Social media has become a primary socializer as it has the ability to shape the identity and perspectives of its users. Gender socialization is the process in which people learn and internalize norms and behaviours associated with their respective gender. Through their own social media platforms, influencers post representations of self that they feel represent themselves in the world. Since these influencers are popular, many adolescents are able to see and process these photos/videos as a part of their own process of identity formation. This study asks the question, how do male influencers demonstrate masculinity through their posts and comments? The literature reviewed for this study offers insight on the formation and representation of masculinity. Key concepts include hegemonic masculinity and defensive heterosexuality which aid in understanding masculinity as it is manifested in our society. The study sample includes ten male instagram influencers. Five photos were taken from their account that demonstrated representation of self and were each judged based on a set of criteria consisting of six factors. The results of this study show that these influencers are in fact demonstrating specific modes of masculinity through their photos which is consistent with how masculinity is portrayed in society today. However, these photos also demonstrate that some male influencers are shifting away from patriarchal forms of masculinity and are showing more interest in grooming and fashion, therefore highlighting a metrosexual mode of masculinity.