scholarly journals Changes in living conditions and their links to alcohol consumption and drinking patterns in 16 European countries, 1950 to 2000

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 82-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Karlsson ◽  
Jussi Simpura
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
The Eu

Thomas Karlsson & Jussi Simpura: Changes in living conditions and their links to alcohol consumption and drinking patterns in 16 European countries, 1950 to 2000 The aim of this article, as part of the drinking pattern analysis of the ECAS project, is to examine how changes in living conditions have affected the formation and dynamics of European drinking habits in 1950–2000. The development of living conditions in post-World War II Europe shows that the same trends have emerged in all the current EU member states. Some of the most important changes we recognize include increasing urbanization and the emergence of the service sector. While we can distinguish similar patterns in the development of living conditions in the EU member states, this is not the case in the development of alcohol consumption. Overall alcohol consumption in the wine countries has been decreasing, while the consumption levels have been on the rise in the beer and former spirits countries. The changes in living conditions – which we can see as a part of the modernization process – have produced almost opposite results in different countries and at different times. This also applies to the development of drinking habits and alcohol consumption in the EU member states during the latter part of the 20th century.

scholarly journals Nordic, Italian, and German Drinking Habits: A Comparison between Surveys Made since the 1980s

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 14-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari Hanhinen
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Central European ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
Drinking Frequency

This article compares Nordic drinking habit surveys and their results — a comparison previously done in 1988. It includes all the main surveys regarding drinking habits of the adult population in the Nordic countries since 1988. In addition the analysis takes in Italy and Germany. Drinking habits are described and compared on four dimensions: the share of abstainers and drinkers, overall drinking frequency, the volume of alcohol consumption, and heavy drinking and drinking for intoxication. The study highlights the difficulties inherent in the international comparison of drinking habits. The results indicate that even though the changes in beverage preferences imply a homogenization of drinking patterns, the homogenization hypothesis proves to be wrong when comparing the results concerning the shares of abstainers, drinking frequencies or distribution of alcohol consumption between women and men. Denmark still differs from the rest of the Nordic countries in these respects, being closer to central European countries like Germany. In the other Nordic countries traditional drinking patterns seem to persist despite the changes in beverage preferences. Closest to Denmark and central European countries stands Finland, where drinking frequency has been rising and where more alcohol is consumed than in Sweden, Norway and Iceland. Looking at the previous comparison of Nordic drinking habits, it can be concluded that drinking habits are very open to changes.

scholarly journals The cultural constituent of the European Soft Power in the Republic of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-113
Author(s):  
A.Zh. Seitkhamit ◽  
◽  
S.M. Nurdavletova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Eu

The European Union dynamically exercises various forms and methods of the Soft Power in its foreign policy. The article reviews its main principles and characteristics as well as conceptual basics. As an example, the article considers the European cultural diplomacy in the Republic of Kazakhstan as a method of soft power. The authors pay an attention specific actions of the European cultural diplomacy in Kazakhstan as well as the mechanisms of its implementation. Apart from that, cultural soft power of two European countries – France and Germany – are considered as separate actions of the EU member states in the sphere of culture. Finally, it assesses importance of Kazakhstan for the EU and effectiveness of such policy in this country.

scholarly journals PESCO – MORE SECURITY FOR EUROPE

2018 ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
LILIANA BROŽIČ
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
Defence Cooperation ◽  
The Eu

The end of this year, more precisely 13 December, will mark the first anniversary of the initiation of PESCO. The acronym PESCO is derived from the English name Permanent Security Cooperation. The objective of PESCO is to deepen defence cooperation of EU Member States (EU) in the development of common defence capabilities, joint projects and operational readiness as well as military contribution. In its early beginnings, the EU devoted most of its attention to the economic progress of its member states, which was a very logical goal in the decade following the end of World War II. Later on, the rudiments of security and defence appeared in the form of the Western European Union, Common Foreign and Security Policy and the like. Until the start of war in the former Yugoslavia, the EU did not have a serious need or reason to particularly focus on security. Security policy was just one of the policies that had mainly been present on paper and in various debates. This became particularly obvious in the case of the intensive developments in the Balkans. This case very well tested the functioning of the EU and revealed the need for fundamental changes. One of the results was also an increased engagement in the field of international operations and missions: an observation mission in Georgia, a police and the rule of law mission in Kosovo, mission to assist in the aftermath of a tsunami in Indonesia, a counter-piracy mission in Somalia, and a mission protecting refugees in Mali. The second key milestone in the EU's security and defence engagement was the European migration crisis in 2015. Here, the lack of appropriate policies at the EU level became most evident. More precisely, it revealed the contradictory application of the policies within the EU to member states and their citizens, and to those other countries and their inhabitants who do not benefit from the high values, ethical standards and social advantages when they arrive in unimaginably large numbers. Before the important EU bodies met, consulted, decided and acted, many problems in different areas had been identified. One of the key issues was the security problem. However, there were still many other influences that gave rise to the creation of PESCO. They are discussed by the authors in this issue. Nevertheless, let me just mention that the EU has in some way found itself at a turning point due to the increasingly present Euroscepticism, which was also discussed at this year’s Strategic Forum at Bled.

scholarly journals Homogenisation in alcohol consumption in the European Union

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håkan Leifman
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Member States ◽  
Wine Consumption ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
The Eu

Håkan Leifman: Homogenisation in alcohol consumption in the European Union This article examines the trends in aggregate alcohol consumption in 15 European countries (14 European Union or EU member states and Norway) from 1950 to 1995. One of the aims is to outline the general trends in total consumption and beverage preferences, focusing on the dispersion over time between all the countries involved, another to look more closely behind these trends and to analyse the development for different groups of countries. Evidence points to a clear homogenisation for the whole study period in qualitative terms, that is, in beverage preferences. In terms of quantity, the homogenisation of the last 15–20 years is less distinct and can be explained mainly by a drastic reduction in wine consumption in the Mediterranean wine-drinking countries. As to the remaining countries (beer and former spirits-drinking countries), there has not been any quantitative homogenisation from the mid-1970s onwards. The results are discussed in the light of the on-going globalisation of economy, politics and culture, not least between the EU member states.

scholarly journals Agriculture of central and eastern European countries in the European Union

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-470
Author(s):  
Srdjan Redzepagic
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Eu

Agriculture posed considerable tensions for the processes of enlargement of the European Union, because of its continuing importance both in the economies of the applicant countries of Central and Eastern European countries which have joined EU on the 1st may 2004., and in the EU budget and acquits communautaire. The preparation of agriculture in the candidate countries to join the EU was rendered more complex by the fact that the Community's Common Agricultural Policy was a moving target. The aim of this paper is to show the bases elements of the Common Agricultural Policy, but also to provide a survey of recent developments relating to agriculture in the EU and new member states of the EU before their accession to EU and their preparation to access on the enlarged market, in order to indicate the main challenges and difficulties posed by enlargement. It seems likely that agricultural policy in the enlarged EU will attach increased priority to objectives such as rural development and the environment. However, these new priorities may be expensive to realize, and may impose a growing burden on the national budgets of EU member states.

scholarly journals Mediation: european experience, ukrainian realities and prospects

Legal Ukraine ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
Iryna Hermakivska
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Corporate Law ◽  
European Countries ◽  
European Policy ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
European Experience ◽  
Legislative Regulation ◽  
The Eu

Тhe lack of consolidation and legislative regulation of mediation in the system of Ukrainian legislation is the reason for the narrowing of the spectrum of alternative ways of resolving disputes in comparison with the EU Member States. Taking into account the pro-European policy of Ukraine and relying on current legal realities, we aim to formulate the concept of introducing mediation into the legal system of Ukraine on the basis of research and use of European experience in this field as a basis. The article outlines the basic principles of mediation recognized by European countries and proposes the best ways to solve the problem of the lack of legislative consolidation of mediation as a subject of corporate law.

France’s hard line on Brexit could soften

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Task Force ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Member States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Maritime Economy ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Eu

Significance France has been one of the first European countries to prepare effectively for Brexit, setting up a task force in July 2016. It has since adopted a consistently hard line, helping solidify the EU position. Impacts France will push for a hard line on EU passporting rights for UK-based banks. In case of a ‘no deal’ Brexit, French regions will seek agreements on the maritime economy with the United Kingdom. France's hard line could irritate EU member states that are more willing to compromise to secure closer post-Brexit EU-UK ties.

scholarly journals Patterns of alcohol consumption in 10 European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) project

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (6b) ◽  
pp. 1287-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sieri ◽  
A Agudo ◽  
E Kesse ◽  
K Klipstein-Grobusch ◽  
B San-José ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Total Alcohol ◽  
Prospective Investigation

Abstractbjective:The aim of this study was to compare the quantities of alcohol and types of alcoholic beverages consumed, and the timing of consumption, in centres participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). These centres, in 10 European countries, are characterised by widely differing drinking habits and frequencies of alcohol-related diseases.Methods:We collected a single standardised 24-hour dietary recall per subject from a random sample of the EPIC cohort (36 900 persons initially and 35 955 after exclusion of subjects under 35 and over 74 years of age). This provided detailed information on the distribution of alcohol consumption during the day in relation to main meals, and was used to determine weekly consumption patterns. The crude and adjusted (by age, day of week and season) means of total ethanol consumption and consumption according to type of beverage were stratified by centre and sex.Results:Sex was a strong determinant of drinking patterns in all 10 countries. The highest total alcohol consumption was observed in the Spanish centres (San Sebastian, 41.4 g day−1) for men and in Danish centres (Copenhagen, 20.9 g day−1) for women. The lowest total alcohol intake was in the Swedish centres (Umeå, 10.2 g day−1) in men and in Greek women (3.4 g day−1). Among men, the main contributor to total alcohol intake was wine in Mediterranean countries and beer in the Dutch, German, Swedish and Danish centres. In most centres, the main source of alcohol for women was wine except for Murcia (Spain), where it was beer. Alcohol consumption, particularly by women, increased markedly during the weekend in nearly all centres. The German, Dutch, UK (general population) and Danish centres were characterised by the highest percentages of alcohol consumption outside mealtimes.Conclusions:The large variation in drinking patterns among the EPIC centres provides an opportunity to better understand the relationship between alcohol and alcohol-related diseases.

Social and Economic Problems of EC Countries in the Initial Pandemic Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
A. Egorov ◽  
A. Petrovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Eu

The article is devoted to the analysis of key social and economic problems in the EU countries during the initial period of the pandemic. Forced isolation amid the spread of the coronavirus contributed to the growth of domestic and domestic violence, manifestations of racism and xenophobia in the EU. Social discrimination manifested itself in the restriction of access to goods and services for people with Asian appearance. A negative factor was the statements of certain right-wing politicians, as well as a number of media outlets. The member states of the European Union sought to carry out proactive communication with the population of their countries, convincing the latter to use exclusively official information about the situation with the COVID 19 virus and taking steps to ensure the widespread presence of the opinion of the governance in the media and on the Internet. Due to the extraordinary circumstances, EU member states have resumed controls at their internal borders in an effort to ensure the safety of their citizens. Despite assurances from the European Commission that the restrictions would not affect the interests of the EU population and third-country nationals, in March 2020, tangible obstacles arose in the way of realizing the fundamental right to free movement. The first steps were taken to support the sectors of the economy and the employment market in the initial phase of the pandemic. Particular attention was paid to the state of affairs in the most vulnerable service sector. The employment market experienced serious shocks, which was reflected in the growth of unemployment in the EU countries. The measures taken by the authorities of the member states, in general, met the interests of workers, but encountered difficulties in the course of implementation.

ETHNO-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION: EXPERIENCE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Petrishchev
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Eu

The article deals with the ethno-cultural aspects of globalization on the example of European countries, members of the European Union. The influence of the ethno-cultural factor on political, economic and cultural relations within the EU member-states, between the EU member-states and relations with immigrants from Africa, Asia and the Middle East is shown. The forecast for the further development of the European Union as a major factor of globalization is given.

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